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Revista mexicana de biodiversidad

versión On-line ISSN 2007-8706versión impresa ISSN 1870-3453

Rev. Mex. Biodiv. vol.94  México  2023  Epub 26-Jun-2024

https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2023.94.5117 

Taxonomy and systematics

Catalog and distribution atlas of the Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) of El Salvador

Catálogo y atlas de distribución de los Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) de El Salvador

José D. Pablo-Ceaa,  b  * 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-835X

Ronald D. Cavec 

Francisco A. Serrano-Perazad 

Raquel Alvarado-Lariose 

Cuauhtémoc Deloyab 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4774-140X

Katerin A. Serrano-Chicasa 

Elizabeth Alfaroa 

Abizai C. Chinchilla-Rodríguezf 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-992X

Daniel Girón-Segoviag 

Jorge Ari Noriegah 

aUniversidad de El Salvador, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Escuela de Biología, Final 25 Avenida Norte, San Salvador, El Salvador.

bInstituto de Ecología, A. C., Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, Colonia El Haya, 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

cUniversity of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Entomology & Nematology Department, Indian River Research & Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, Florida, 34945 USA

dUniversidad de Panamá, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Bella Vista, Manuel E. Batista y Avenida José de Fábrega, Panamá, Panama

eMuseo de Historia Natural de El Salvador, Final Calle Los Viveros, Colonia Nicaragua, Barrio San Jacinto, San Salvador, El Salvador

fUniversidad de El Salvador, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Jóvenes Talento de El Salvador, Final 25 Avenida Sur, San Salvador, El Salvador

gRed de Investigadores Ambientales (REDIA), Colonia Vista hermosa Calle Principal, No.103 C, San Salvador, El Salvador

hUniversidad El Bosque, Facultad de Ingeniería, Grupo de Agua, Salud y Ambiente, Avenida Carrera 9 No. 131A-02, Bogotá, Colombia


Abstract

Less than 1% of the literature on El Salvador’s biodiversity is about terrestrial invertebrates, which limits our knowledge of this group’s diversity, richness, and distribution in the territory. Scarabaeoidea are megadiverse in multiple ecosystems and perform many functions. This work aims to catalog the Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador. We conducted an exhaustive review of published literature and reviewed numerous entomological collections with relevant material. Maps were constructed to visualize the known distribution of each species in the country. There are 295 scarab beetle species (including 19 new country records) representing 106 genera in 7 families in El Salvador. Six precinctive species are known. Twenty-two species are discarded as occurring in El Salvador, either because they are not valid species or because of misidentifications or dubious records. This work is the first approach to knowing the Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador, a territory that is usually considered of no importance for the conservation of regional biodiversity due to its small area, high rate of deforestation, and overpopulation. The results of this work reinforce the need for biological prospecting in the territory to know, conserve, and protect the remaining biodiversity.

Keywords: Beetles; New records; Faunal biodiversity; Central America; Maps

Resumen

Menos de 1% de la literatura sobre la biodiversidad de El Salvador es de invertebrados terrestres, lo que limita el conocimiento de la diversidad, riqueza y distribución del grupo en el territorio. Los Scarabaeoidea son megadiversos en varios ecosistemas en donde desempeñan muchas funciones. En este trabajo se catalogó a los Scarabaeoidea de El Salvador. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura publicada y se revisaron numerosas colecciones entomológicas con material relevante. Se construyeron mapas de la distribución conocida de cada especie en el país. Existen 295 especies (incluyendo 19 registros nuevos para El Salvador), 106 géneros y 7 familias de escarabajos. Se conocen 6 especies endémicas. Veintidós especies se descartan como presentes en el país, ya sea porque no son válidas, por identificaciones erróneas o por registros dudosos. Este trabajo es la primera aproximación al conocimiento de los Scarabaeoidea en El Salvador, un territorio que usualmente se considera sin importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad regional debido a su pequeña superficie, alta tasa de deforestación y sobrepoblación. Los resultados de este trabajo refuerzan la necesidad de realizar una prospección biológica en el territorio para conocer, conservar y proteger la biodiversidad remanente.

Palabras clave: Escarabajos; Registros nuevos; Biodiversidad faunística; Centroamérica; Mapas

Introduction

The fauna of El Salvador has been variably studied. The richness and distribution of fish (González-Murcia, 2019; McMahan et al., 2013), amphibians and reptiles (Köhler et al., 2006), birds (Dickey & Van Rossem, 1938; Ibarra-Portillo, 2013), and mammals (Owen & Girón, 2012) have been reasonably inventoried and documented; however, the knowledge on invertebrate animals is quite different. Less than 1% of the literature on Salvadoran biodiversity is about the invertebrate animal fauna (Gallo, 2005), which leaves many gaps in what we know of the distribution of the species. A clear example is Coleoptera, the most speciose order of Insecta, with at least 386,000 described species in 176 families (Bouchard et al., 2017). The species richness of Coleoptera in El Salvador is unknown, but recent efforts have been made to catalog the beetle fauna. For example, Van Roie et al. (2019) documented 420 species and 132 genera of Chrysomelidae, and Pablo-Cea et al. (2021) recorded 96 especies in 38 genera of Staphylinidae. Both families are important for their diverse feeding habits and behaviors in a variety of ecosystems (Asenjo et al., 2013; Jolivet 1988; Navarrete-Heredia, 2002). Also, they are taxonomically diverse families and together with Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae, Carabidae, and Cerambycidae constitute the 6 megadiverse families of Coleoptera (Bouchard et al., 2017).

The objective of the present work was to document the current species list of Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador and their distributions. Scarab beetles are an important group due to their broad diversity of feeding habits and the functions the member species perform in ecosystems (Deloya et al., 2007). Scarab beetles are easily recognized by the asymmetrical antennal club of multiple lamellae that are united or separated (Marshall et al., 2018). The superfamily encompasses 13 extant families worldwide (Bouchard et al., 2017), 10 of which occur in the New World: Geotrupidae, Glaphyridae, Glaresidae, Hybosoridae, Lucanidae, Diphyllostomatidae, Ochodaeidae, Passalidae, Pleocomidae, Scarabaeidae, and Trogidae. Worldwide, there are about 2,500 genera and 35,000 recognized especies (Scholtz & Grebennikov, 2005), and in the New World there are at least 7,403 species distributed among 267 genera (Deloya et al., 2018).

The first valid scarabaeoid species recorded in El Salvador date from the 19th Century. These species, documented by the German A. F. Kuwert (1897, 1898) in “Die Passaliden dichotomisch bearbeitet”, were 5 passalids: Arrox agassizi (Kaup), Chondrocephalus granulum (Kuwert), Ogyges championi (Bates), Petrejoides subrecticornis (Kuwert), and Vindex sculptilis Bates. Thirty-seven years later, Hincks and Dibb (1935) added 2 passalid species, Paxillus leachi MacLeay and Ptichopus angulatus (Percheron), without giving a specific collection locality in the country. The decade 1950-1959 was the second most important period in the history of cataloging the Scarabaeoidea of El Salvador, when 61 species were documented among 5 publications. Two works by German authors presented important contributions to the knowledge of the scarabaeoid beetles of the country: “The Passalidae (Ins. Col.) of El Salvador” by W. D. Hincks (1953) added 7 passalid species; and “Scarabaeidae Rutelinae aus El Salvador” by E. Franz (1955) recorded 13 new country records in the subfamily. Described in this work was Paranomala vicenti (Franz), 1 of 6 precinctive scarabaeoid species in El Salvador. In 1957, one of the principal contributions to the entomological knowledge in El Salvador, “Lista de Insectos Clasificados de El Salvador” by P. A. Berry and M. Salazar-Vaquero, was published. In this technical bulletin, 29 species were added for the superfamily, mostly in the family Scarabaeidae (Scarabaeinae: 4 species, Rutelinae: 8 species, Dynastinae: 8 species, and Cetoniinae: 8 species), and 1 species of Trogidae, Omorgus suberosus (Fabricius). Of equal importance was “Segunda Lista de Insectos Clasificados de El Salvador” (Berry, 1959b) that complemented the first list and added 11 more species of Scarabaeidae (2 species each of Aphodiinae, Scarabaeinae, Rutelinae, and Dynastinae, along with 3 species of Melolonthinae). At the end of the decade, Vaurie (1958) cited Diplotaxis poropyge Bates in the country.

In the 1960s and 1970s, another 26 scarab beetle species were added to the Salvadoran fauna. Vaurie (1960) added 10 species of Diplotaxis Kirby. Howden and Cartwright (1963) recorded Onthophagus incensus Say and described O. batesi. The only contributions to the knowledge of Geotrupidae are from Howden (1964, 1974), who reported 7 species from the country. Howden (1974) described Haplogeotrupes guatemalensis tridentatus (Howden), a subspecies considered precinctive to the country. Cartwright (1967) added 1 species of Aphodiinae, Howden (1968) added 3 species of Cetoniinae, and 1 species of Passalidae was documented for the first time by Reyes-Castillo (1973). Ratcliffe (1978) recorded a second species of Trogidae, Omorgus fuliginosus Robinson. Andrews et al. (1979) recorded 2 phytophagous species of Melolonthinae and Rutelinae as crop pests.

In the 1980s, 18 additional species were reported: 1 species of Passalidae (Schuster, 1989), 1 of Aphodiinae (Gordon & Cartwright, 1980), 11 of Scarabaeinae (Howden & Young, 1981; Zunino & Halffter, 1988), 2 of Rutelinae (Morón, 1983, 1987) , 1 of Melolonthinae (Morón, 1988), and 2 of Cetoniinae (Cave, 1983), including 3 precinctive species: Onthophagus salvadorensis Zunino & Halffter (Scarabaeinae), Chlaenobia solanophaga (Morón) (Melolonthinae), and Chondrocephalus salvadorae (Schuster) (Passalidae). In the 1990s, 27 species were recorded in 12 publications. Schuster and Reyes-Castillo (1990), Morón and Howden (1992), and Warner (1992) recorded single species of Passalidae, Melolonthinae, and Dynastinae, respectively. Ratcliffe and Deloya (1992) documented 2 species of Cetoniinae, including the precinctive Hologymnetis vulcanorum Ratcliffe & Deloya; and 8 species of Phyllophaga Harris and 2 of Chlaenobia Blanchard were added to the fauna by King (1994), Mendoza (1994), and Morón (1994). Ten species of Scarabaeinae were added by Edmonds (1994), Kohlmann and Solís (1997), Fuentes (1998), and Rivera-Cervantes and Halffter (1999).

The period 2000-2009 is the most important in understanding the fauna of Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador due to the addition of 97 species. Schuster and Cano (2005) reported 1 species of Passalidae. Eight publications newly recorded 22 species of Aphodiinae, principally in the genus Ataenius Harold, with 16 species (Dellacasa et al., 2002, 2008; Galante et al., 2003; Horgan, 2008; Stebnicka, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007; Stebnicka & Lago, 2005; Stebnicka & Skelley, 2007). Kohlmann (2000), Delgado and Kohlmann (2001), Horgan (2001, 2002, 2008), Kohlmann et al. (2003), Morón (2003), Solís and Kohlmann (2004), Pulido-Herrera and Zunino (2007), Fuentes (2008, 2009), and Génier (2009) reported new records for 17 species of Scarabaeinae. Morón (2006), Arce-Pérez (2008), and Evans and Smith (2009) documented the first country records for 7 species of Melolonthinae, including 4 species of Macrodactylus Dejean. Morón and Paucar-Cabrera (2003) and Delgado et al. (2006) added 2 species of Rutelinae. In 2006, Ratcliffe and Cave published an important contribution to the scarab beetle knowledge in El Salvador: “The Dynastine Scarab Beetles of Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)”. They inventoried the fauna of Dynastinae in El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, adding 46 species to the scarab beetle fauna of the country. The only species of Hybosoridae known to occur in El Salvador, Anaides laticollis Harold and Chaetodus teamscaraborum Ocampo, were documented by Ocampo (2006).

The decade of 2010-2019 is the third most important historical period in the development of knowledge about Salvadoran Scarabaeoidea. Thirty-one more species were newly recorded, among them, 1 species of Passalidae, Chondrocephalus granulifrons (Bates) (Serrano-Peraza, 2017), 1 of Ochodaeidae, Parochodaeus puncticollis (Arrow) (Paulsen, 2012), and 1 of Lucanidae, Trogellus (Mayaesalus) trifinius Paulsen, that is precinctive to the country (Paulsen, 2013). Three Aphodiinae were added to the Salvadoran fauna by Dellacasa et al. (2012, 2013), including the precinctive Gonaphodioides cartwrighti Dellacasa, Dellacasa, & Gordon. Seven species of Scarabaeinae, including the non-native Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius), were recorded by Edmonds and Zidek (2010), Solís and Kohlmann (2013), Deloya et al. (2014), Pablo-Cea (2014), and Pablo-Cea et al. (2017). Rivera-Gasperín and Morón (2017) newly reported 1 species of Chlaenobia, and the Salvadoran K. A. Serrano-Chicas (2019) added 4 more species of Melolonthinae and 4 species de Rutelinae. López-Sorto and Sermeño-Chicas (2013) reported for the first time 3 species of Chrysina Kirby. López-Sorto et al. (2014) reported 1 species of Dynastinae, Dynastes maya Hardy. For Cetoniinae, new country records were documented for 3 species of Euphoria Burmeister (Orozco, 2012) and 2 of Gymnetis MacLeay (Ratcliffe, 2018). During 2020-2022, new Salvadoran records of Melolonthinae (2 species, Arce-Pérez & Morón, 2020; Pablo-Cea, 2021), Rutelinae (1 species, Pablo-Cea, 2021), and Cetoniinae (5 species, Pablo-Cea, 2021; Pablo-Cea & Alfaro, 2020) were documented. In the catalog herein we add 19 species to the fauna of Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador: Passalidae: Ameripassalus guatemalensis (Kaup); Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Ataenius carinator Harold; Melolonthinae: Diplotaxis brevipilosa Moser, D. cavifrons Moser, Isonychus pictus Sharp, Chlaenobia vexata (Horn), Phyllophaga baneta Saylo, P. colimana (Moser), and P. punctuliceps (Bates); Rutelinae: Pelidnota guatemalensis Bates, P. notata Blanchard, Paranomala championi Bates, P. plurisulcata Bates, P. semicincta Bates, P. denticollis (Bates), P. eucoma (Bates), P. sticticoptera (Blanchard), and P. undulata undulata (Melsheimer); Dynastinae: Euetheola humilis (Burmeister). We also first report the presence of the genus Germarostes Paulian (Hybosoridae: Ceratocanthinae) in the country.

Materials and methods

The compilation of data on the Scarabaeoidea known to occur in El Salvador is based on published taxonomic and ecological literature and label data with specimens available from the following collections: CMNC - Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada; CNCI - Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada; DZUP- Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; EAPZ - Universidad Zamorano, Francisco Morazán, Honduras; EMEC - Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; FMNH - Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA; IFIT-CP - Instituto de Fitosanidad, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico; MUHNES-Museo de Historia Natural de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; MZSP - Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; RDCC - Ronald D. Cave Private Collection, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA; TAMU-Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; UNSM - University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.

All species are organized by family, subfamily, and tribe following the classification of Bouchard et al. (2011). The information for each species is organized as follows: Scientific name, Author, year of description.

Distribution. Primarily based on Schoolmeesters (2022). If the species was not listed in Schoolmeesters (2022), the reference used to establish the distribution of the species is indicated. If the species does appear in Schoolmeesters (2022) but was not cited for El Salvador, the first reference citing the species from the territory is given. The countries in the Americas are ordered north to south and west to east, followed by the West Indian countries ordered in the same way. This section does not contain an exhaustive bibliography of the complete distribution of the species, so some countries where the species occur may not be listed.

Locality records. Department: specific locality record. If the species is reported for the country only, “no specific department: no specific locality” is indicated, followed by the reference(s) and the page where it is cited for the country (as in Asenjo et al., 2013). Departments are listed from west to east as presented in Table 1 in which geocoordinates, elevation, and topographic zone are given for each locality.

Table 1 Localities, including coordinates, elevation, and topographic zone, reported in the checklist. 

Locality Longitude (º) Latitude (º) Elevation (m) Topographic zone
Ahuachapán
Ahuachapán -89.830653 13.920428 805 Interior valley
Apaneca -89.805093 13.856031 1,475 Coastal mountains
Atiquizaya -89.758674 13.982036 590 Interior valley
Atiquizaya (Izcaquillo) -89.732329 13.970957 700 Interior valley
Barra de Santiago -90.012751 13.693399 5 Coastal plain
Cara Sucia -90.038920 13.759845 5 Coastal plain
Concepción de Ataco -89.845975 13.868998 1,265 Coastal mountains
Guaymango -89.846144 13.748809 400 Coastal plain
Laguna Las Ninfas -89.797889 13.878704 1,660 Coastal mountains
Parque Nacional El Imposible (cerro Campana) -89.913909 13.857055 1,390 Coastal mountains
Parque Nacional El Imposible (La Fincona) -89.979315 13.844796 750 Coastal mountains
Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) -89.947066 13.828299 780 Coastal mountains
Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Francisco Menéndez) -90.010743 13.845076 250 Coastal plain
San Miguelito -89.949255 13.825815 725 Coastal mountains
Turín -89.772054 13.963396 630 Interior valley
Zanjón El Chino -90.059278 13.759603 5 Coastal plain
Santa Ana
Candelaria de la Frontera -89.653838 14.111024 720 Interior valley
Chalchuapa -89.671264 13.994175 700 Interior valley
Coatepeque -89.497177 13.926842 760 Coastal mountains
El Congo -89.496983 13.899829 820 Coastal mountains
Finca San Jorge -89.483285 14.18492 480 Interior valley
Flor Amarilla (Abajo) -89.573345 13.931753 885 Coastal mountains
Hacienda Las Brumas -89.627435 13.833268 1,850 Coastal mountains
Lago de Coatepeque -89.564858 13.833271 815 Coastal mountains
Lago de Coatepeque (isla Teopán) -89.563374 13.841227 800 Coastal mountains
Las Cruces -89.655626 13.912336 1,110 Coastal mountains
Metapán -89.433216 14.331471 530 Interior valley
Parque Nacional Cerro Verde -89.624153 13.826147 2,020 Coastal mountains
Parque Nacional Güija -89.483409 14.256001 450 Interior valley
Parque Nacional Los Andes -89.617115 13.869134 1,730 Coastal mountains
Parque Nacional Montecristo (bosque nebuloso) -89.356726 14.418906 2,360 Northern mountains
Parque Nacional Montecristo (La Torre) -89.392258 14.385536 1,450 Northern mountains
Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) -89.377719 14.39969 1,890 Northern mountains
Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) -89.406302 14.370462 1,070 Northern mountains
Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) -89.406851 14.360399 810 Northern mountains
Planes del Ranchador -89.605888 14.016956 725 Interior valley
San Diego -89.471620 14.264053 560 Interior valley
San Jacinto -89.471582 13.973073 570 Interior valley
Santa Ana -89.559701 13.969707 715 Interior valley
Volcán San Diego -89.480019 14.273007 760 Interior valley
Volcán de Santa Ana -89.625712 13.842294 1,850 Coastal mountains
Sonsonate
Izalco -89.674860 13.753986 470 Coastal plain
Sonsonate -89.724355 13.711424 225 Coastal plain
Volcán de Izalco -89.631869 13.817645 1,730 Coastal mountains
Chalatenango
Cerca del puente Lempa (camino a La Palma) -89.135792 14.066791 245 Interior valley
Cerro El Pital -89.125165 14.380307 2,660 Northern mountains
Cerro Malcotal -89.102575 14.314290 2,190 Northern mountains
Chalatenango -88.931470 14.037146 420 Interior valley
Comalapa -88.958927 14.138606 500 Coastal plain
La Montañona -88.908087 14.141144 1,600 Northern mountains
La Palma -89.171081 14.314641 1,005 Northern mountains
Las Ceibas (Las Vueltas) -88.888140 14.094364 710 Interior valley
Las Pilas -89.148482 14.352483 1,700 Northern mountains
San Ignacio -89.173055 14.336455 1,060 Northern mountains
La Libertad
El Barillo -89.289235 13.610710 785 Coastal mountains
El Playón -89.300394 13.793054 100 Coastal mountains
La Ceiba -89.242253 13.681427 810 Interior valley
La Libertad -89.311367 13.490311 70 Coastal plain
Laguna Caldera -89.357676 13.840063 465 Interior valley
Los Chorros -89.320191 13.695529 730 Coastal mountains
Parque El Bicentenario -89.257861 13.687924 870 Coastal mountains
Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger -89.268065 13.499369 135 Coastal plain
Plan de La Laguna -89.247595 13.669811 810 Coastal mountains
Playa El Majahual -89.364536 13.492330 15 Coastal plain
Puerto de La Libertad -89.310240 13.486997 30 Coastal plain
Quezaltepeque -89.269709 13.819018 490 Interior valley
Río Agua Caliente -89.380204 13.801783 450 Interior valley
San Andrés -89.406128 13.820124 475 Interior valley
San Diego -89.249406 13.480971 15 Coastal plain
San Juan Opico -89.363131 13.871279 480 Interior valley
Santa Tecla -89.307315 13.676716 900 Coastal mountains
Sitio del Niño -89.373173 13.792368 450 Interior valley
Teotepeque -89.540100 13.578083 520 Coastal plain
Volcán de San Salvador (El Boquerón) -89.279342 13.737430 1,845 Coastal mountains
Zapotitán -89.450660 13.794952 480 Interior valley
Zaragoza -89.292366 13.587301 585 Coastal mountains
San Salvador
Aguilares -89.195189 13.965812 300 Interior valley
Apopa -89.168345 13.807192 455 Interior valley
Cerro San Jacinto -89.160002 13.664463 980 Coastal mountains
Cuscatancingo -89.184238 13.757348 520 Interior valley
Delgado -89.160165 13.739168 555 Interior valley
Guazapa -89.162617 13.875972 400 Interior valley
Hacienda Los Planes -89.2108 13.741233 720 Interior valley
Ilopango -89.113807 13.705773 625 Interior valley
Lago de Ilopango -89.085258 13.665537 510 Interior valley
Los Planes de Renderos -89.188008 13.638052 1,005 Coastal mountains
Mejicanos -89.185911 13.724776 640 Interior valley
Parque Saburo Hirao -89.196320 13.677462 700 Interior valley
Puerta del Diablo -89.191252 13.623698 1,100 Coastal mountains
Ruinas de Cihuatán -89.163765 13.980546 325 Interior valley
San Antonio Abad -89.228327 13.719642 805 Interior valley
San Salvador -89.207232 13.698300 685 Interior valley
San Salvador (Scandia) -89.178651 13.734336 635 Interior valley
San Salvador (Universidad de El Salvador) -89.203353 13.719010 695 Interior valley
Santo Tomás -89.146380 13.647834 760 Coastal mountains
Soyapango -89.130588 13.705094 610 Interior valley
Tonacatepeque -89.116517 13.777866 625 Interior valley
Zacamil -89.204179 13.729932 700 Interior valley
Cuscatlan
Área Natural Protegida Colima (Cerrón Grande) -89.119307 14.036226 305 Interior valley
Cojutepeque -88.938005 13.716985 925 Interior valley
El Rosario -88.910082 13.768744 720 Interior valley
San Cristobal -88.89814 13.699469 675 Interior valley
San José Guayabal -89.098335 13.8371 560 Interior valley
San Pedro Perulapan -89.038958 13.765777 650 Interior valley
Suchitoto -89.026017 13.933687 385 Interior valley
La Paz
Comalapa (Aeropuerto) -89.063571 13.450623 35 Coastal plain
Comalapa (La Providencia) -89.087256 13.469758 40 Coastal plain
El Rosario -89.025157 13.492537 85 Coastal plain
Playa Costa de Sol -88.999425 13.345474 5 Coastal plain
Ichanmichen -88.876571 13.494042 150 Coastal plain
Mercedes La Ceiba -88.911334 13.648521 530 Interior valley
San Juan Talpa -89.077337 13.497502 90 Coastal plain
San Luis [Talpa] -89.087499 13.469897 40 Coastal plain
Santiago Nonualco -88.938983 13.509066 160 Coastal plain
Zacatecoluca -88.874675 13.513209 235 Coastal plain
Cabañas
Chorrera del Guayabo -88.749795 13.983412 225 Interior valley
Cinquera -88.963609 13.883845 385 Interior valley
Ilobasco -88.849672 13.834286 725 Interior valley
Sensuntepeque -88.634008 13.870523 775 Interior valley
Tejutepeque -88.908306 13.854483 720 Interior valley
Tejutepeque (el Tamagás) -88.90577 13.842588 700 Interior valley
San Vicente
Apastepeque (Poza Azul) -88.755653 13.66383 500 Interior valley
Eco-Parque Tehuacán -88.785945 13.559549 405 Interior valley
San Cayetano Istepeque -88.811454 13.651609 515 Interior valley
San Vicente -88.783168 13.63896 380 Interior valley
Santa Cruz Porrillo -88.810131 13.447224 40 Interior valley
Santo Domingo -88.856434 13.721256 675 Interior valley
Tecoluca -88.776066 13.537091 260 Interior valley
Volcán de San Vicente-Chinchontepec -88.841898 13.597258 2,000 Coastal mountains
Usulután
Alegría -88.486527 13.508741 1,130 Coastal mountains
California -88.464156 13.441346 685 Coastal mountains
Cerro el Tigre -88.432898 13.466371 1,580 Coastal mountains
Estanzuelas -88.495439 13.641666 195 Interior valley
Nancuchiname -88.717394 13.363542 15 Coastal plain
Usulután -88.442079 13.340821 80 Coastal plain
San Miguel
Ciudad Barrios (cerro Cacahuatique) -88.224722 13.762599 1,405 Northern mountains
La Ceiba -88.168632 13.267426 170 Coastal plain
Laguna el Jocotal -88.244122 13.332036 25 Coastal plain
Laguna Olomega -88.076948 13.296508 80 Coastal plain
Moncagua -88.252975 13.529777 245 Interior valley
San Jacinto -88.199453 13.594686 135 Interior valley
San Miguel -88.188263 13.480268 140 Interior valley
Morazán
Arambala (río Sapo) -88.105972 13.923175 665 Northern mountains
Cerro Cacahuatique -88.21621 13.76705 1,400 Northern mountains
Cerro Perquín -88.16126 13.956736 1,205 Northern mountains
Hacienda San Pedro -88.090737 13.601598 180 Interior valley
Jocoaitique -88.163206 13.913066 655 Northern mountains
Osicala -88.15008 13.805826 560 Interior valley
Yamabal -88.176728 13.665945 260 Interior valley
La Unión
Isla Martín Pérez -87.741356 13.283754 40 Coastal plain
Isla Zacatillo -87.759238 13.304685 110 Coastal plain
La Unión -87.850088 13.333036 30 Coastal plain
Playa El Icacal -88.022671 13.169356 15 Coastal plain
Volcán de Conchagua -87.846052 13.276187 1,190 Coastal mountains

Years of collection. All years in which the species has been collected (if known).

Months of collection. All months in which the species has been collected (if known). Ranges include all months within the given range.

Topographic zone. All topographic regions where the species was collected (if known).

Elevational range. Minimum to maximum elevation at which the species was collected (if known). Only 1 parameter is listed if the species is only known from a single collection site in El Salvador.

Comments. Miscellaneous observations about collection methods and the authors’ observations about the species. Old names prior to nomenclatural changes or erroneous determinations are provided if they were used for the species in older literature. Precinctive species and new records for the fauna of El Salvador are indicated. Names of localities reported in the literature or on labels with specimens deposited in museums but could not be related to any known site are noted.

A topographic map of El Salvador (Fig. 1) was used for displaying the distribution of each species with specific locality data in El Salvador. Twenty-one species have no specific locality data. The maps are presented in the same order the species are listed in the catalog. In the case of specimens with a department record only, the departmental capital’s coordinates were used for representation in the map (red points in maps).

Figure 1 Location of El Salvador in Central America, topographic map of the country showing departmental borders and collecting sites in El Salvador cited in this work. 

El Salvador encompasses 21,041 km² and is the smallest country in Central America. The territory is divided into 4 well-differentiated topographic zones (Daugherty, 1969): Coastal Plain (0-300 m); Volcanic Chain (250-2,200 m); Interior Valley (200-700 m); and Northern Mountains (700-2,700 m) with the highest peak in El Salvador. The Coastal Plain, Volcanic Chain, and Interior Valley belong to the Pacific Lowlands, whereas the Northern Mountains are a continuation of the Chiapas Highlands biogeographic province (Morrone, 2014). El Salvador is divided into 14 departments (Fig. 1).

Results

In El Salvador, 295 species in 106 genera of scarabaeoid beetles are known to occur.

Superfamily Scarabaeoidea Latreille, 1802

Family Geotrupidae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Bolboceratinae Mulsant, 1842

Tribe Athyreini Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878

Neoathyreus Howden & Martínez, 1963

Neoathyreus (Neoathyreus) excavatus (Laporte, 1840)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, and Peru (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Howden, 1964: 19); San Jacinto (Howden, 1964: 19); San Salvador: San Salvador (Howden, 1964: 19); La Paz: Comalapa (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2002: 30) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 Distribution maps for Neoathyreus (Neoathyreus) excavatus, N. (N.) interruptus, N. (N.) mexicanus, Bolbelasmus (Bolbelasmus) arcuatus, B. (B.) monticolus, Haplogeotrupes guatemalensis tridentatus, Onthotrupes onitidipes, Arrox agassizi, Chondrocephalus gemmae, and C. granulum in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1925, 1958, 1960, 1979, 1995-1998.

Months of collection: May and June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-2,360 m.

Comments: reported as Neoathyreus quadridentatus by Howden (1964) and Horgan (2002). Specimens were captured at lights in San Salvador (Howden, 1964) and in pitfall traps baited with cow dung in Comalapa (Horgan, 2002).

Neoathyreus (Neoathyreus) interruptusHowden, 1964Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador

(Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Howden, 1964: 23) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Neoathyreus (Neoathyreus) mexicanus (Klug, 1845) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Howden, 1964: 27);

Chalatenango: Las Ceibas [probably Las Vueltas] (Howden, 1964: 27); San Salvador: San Salvador (Howden, 1964: 27); La Paz: Comalapa (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2008: 2969 ) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 1960, 1999.

Months of collection: May-July, and October.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-1,890 m.

Comments: specimens from Comalapa were captured in pitfall traps baited with beef carrion (Horgan, 2008).

Tribe Bolboceratini Mulsant, 1842 Bolbelasmus Boucomont, 1911

Bolbelasmus (Bolbelasmus) arcuatus (Bates, 1887) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022)

Locality records: Santa Ana: San Jacinto (Howden, 1964: 40); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968); San Salvador: San Salvador (Howden, 1964: 40) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 1925, 1958-1960.

Months of collection: May and June.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-685 m.

Comments: specimens were captured at lights in San Salvador (Howden, 1964) and in pitfall traps baited with cow dung in Comalapa (Horgan, 2008).

Bolbelasmus (Bolbelasmus) monticolus Howden, 1974 Distribution: Guatemala and El Salvador

(Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Howden, 1974: 569); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (RDCC); La Libertad: Volcán de San Salvador (El Boquerón) (Howden, 1974: 568) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 1965-1967, 1971, 1999.

Months of collection: May and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,845-2,360 m.

Comments: captured at light in El Boquerón.

Subfamily Geotrupinae Latreille, 1802

Tribe Geotrupini Latreille, 1802

Haplogeotrupes Nikolajev, 1979

Haplogeotrupes guatemalensis tridentatus (Howden, 1974)

Distribution: El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Howden, 1974: 571) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: precinctive to El Salvador. Reported as Geotrupes guatemalensis tridentatus by Howden (1974). Specimens were collected from horse dung.

Onthotrupes Howden, 1964 Onthotrupes onitidipes (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Howden, 1964: 62) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 1958, 1999.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: reported as Geotrupes (Onthotrupes) onitidipes by Howden (1964). Specimens were found under cow dung.

Family Passalidae Leach, 1815

Subfamily Passalinae Leach, 1815

Tribe Proculini Kaup, 1868

Arrox Zang, 1905

Arrox agassizi (Kaup, 1871)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Apaneca (Boucher, 2005: 391); Laguna Las Ninfas (MUHNES); Santa Ana: Chalchuapa (Boucher, 2005: 391); Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Boucher, 2005: 391); Las Cruces (Boucher, 2005: 391); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Schuster & Cano, 2005: 258 ; Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 42; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4); La Libertad: Volcán de San Salvador (El Boquerón) (Boucher, 2005: 391); San Salvador: San Salvador (Kuwert, 1897: 303; Hincks & Dibb, 1935: 23; Boucher, 2005: 388); Morazán: Cerro Cacahuatique (Hincks, 1953: 33; Boucher, 2005: 391); Hacienda San Pedro (MUHNES); Osicala (Boucher, 2005: 391) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 1897, 1919, 1951, 1959, 1974, 1979, 1992, 2015.

Months of collection: June, July, and September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 180-2,020 m.

Comments: reported as Sertorius assmanni Kuwert by Kuwert (1897) and Hincks & Dibb (1935).

Chondrocephalus Kuwert, 1896

Chondrocephalus gemmae Reyes-Castillo & Castillo, 1986

Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (Serrano-Peraza, 2017; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso, Los Planes) (Schuster & Cano, 2005: 258; Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 42; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 2015.

Months of collection: September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890-2,360 m. Chondrocephalus granulum Kuwert, 1897

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Hincks, 1953: 33; Reyes-Castillo, 1970: 104); San Salvador: San Salvador (Kuwert, 1897: 302; Hincks & Dibb, 1935: 33) (Fig. 2).

Years of collection: 1897, 1951.

Months of collection: June and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley.

Elevation range: 685-2,360 m.

Comments: larvae were collected in June and adults in August (Hincks, 1953).

Chondrocephalus granulifrons (Bates, 1886) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and

Ecuador (Serrano-Peraza, 2017; Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional

Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 42; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4) (Fig. 3).

Figure 3 Distribution maps for Chondrocephalus granulifrons, C. salvadorae, Heliscus eclipticus, Odontotaenius striatopunctatus, Ogyges championi, O. hondurensis, O. politus, Oileus sargi, Petrejoides subrecticornis, and Verres hageni in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 2015.

Months of collection: September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m. Chondrocephalus salvadorae (Schuster, 1989)

Distribution: El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Schuster, 1989: 695; Schuster & Cano, 2005: 258; Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 44) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1960, 1972, 2015.

Months of collection: April, July, and September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: precinctive to El Salvador. Reported as Petrejoides salvadorae by Schuster (1989) and Serrano-Peraza (2017).

Heliscus Zang, 1905

Heliscus eclipticus (Truqui, 1857)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio, Los Planes) (Hincks, 1953: 32; Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 44; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4); Finca San Jorge (Hincks, 1953: 32) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1951, 1973-1977, 2015.

Months of collection: April, May, July, and September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley.

Elevation range: 480-1,890 m.

Comments: reported as Popilius eclipticus by Hincks (1953) and Serrano-Peraza (2017).

Odontotaenius Kuwert, 1896

Odontotaenius striatopunctatus (Percheron, 1835) Distribution: Mexico, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua,

Costa Rica, Honduras, and Colombia (Hincks, 1953; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (La Fincona, San Benito) (MUHNES, RDCC); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 43; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4); Sonsonate: Izalco (Los Guates Farm) (MUHNES); San Salvador: Los Planes de Renderos (MUHNES); Parque Saburo Hirao (MUHNES); San Salvador (Hincks, 1953: 32; Reyes-Castillo, 2003: 164); Cuscatlán: no specific locality (MUHNES) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1951, 1974-1979, 2013-2015.

Months of collection: May, June, September, November, and December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 470-1,005 m.

Comments: reported as Popilius striatopunctatus by Hincks (1953). Some specimens in MHUNES are labeled as collected in Cuscatlán: La Burrada, but we are not aware of a site with that name in El Salvador.

Ogyges Kaup, 1871

Ogyges championi (Bates, 1886)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador?, and Nicaragua? (Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1990).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Kuwert, 1897: 292; Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1990: 32-33) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1877.

Months of collection: December.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: reported as Ogyges laevior (Kaup) by Kuwert (1897) and Schuster & Reyes-Castillo (1990). The presence of the species in El Salvador and Nicaragua requires confirmation (Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1990). Ogyges hondurensisSchuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1990

Distribution: El Salvador and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (López-Sorto et al., 2014: 42); La Libertad: Volcán de San Salvador (El Boquerón) (Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1990: 17; Schuster et al., 2005: 130) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: February.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,845-2,660 m.

Ogyges politus (Hincks, 1953)

Distribution: Guatemala and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Hincks, 1953: 32; Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1990: 22; Schuster & Cano, 2005: 258; Cano, 2017: 9; Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 43; Cano et al., 2018: 109; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4); Chalatenango: no specific locality [probably Cerro El Pital] (Cano et al., 2018: 109) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1951, 1960, 1970-1977, 1999, 2015.

Months of collection: February, March, May, July, and September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: reported as Procolejus politus by Hincks (1953).

Oileus Kaup, 1869

Oileus sargi (Kaup, 1871)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Schuster & Cano, 2005: 258) (Los Planes) (Hincks, 1953: 32; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1951, 1973, 2015.

Months of collection: May, June, and September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890-2,360 m.

Petrejoides Kuwert, 1896

Petrejoides subrecticornis (Kuwert, 1897)

Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Castillo & Reyes-Castillo, 1984)

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Kuwert, 1897: 301) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1877.

Months of collection: December.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: reported as Popilius scutellopunctatus Kuwert by Kuwert (1897).

Verres Kaup, 1871

Verres hageni Kaup, 1871

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Concepción de Ataco (MUHNES); Parque Nacional El Imposible (Cerro Campana) (MUHNES); (San Benito) (RDCC); Santa Ana: Finca San Jorge (Hincks, 1953: 33); Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 44; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4); Morazán: Cerro Cacahuatique (MUHNES) (Fig. 3).

Years of collection: 1951, 1975, 1979, 1999.

Months of collection: April-June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 480-1,400 m.

Vindex Kaup, 1871

Vindex sculptilis Bates, 1886

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Francisco Menéndez) (MUHNES); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Hincks, 1953: 34; Schuster & Cano, 2005: 258; Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 44; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4) (Los Planes) (Schuster & Cano, 2005: 258); San Salvador: San Salvador (Kuwert, 1898: 15; Hincks & Dibb, 1935: 33) (Fig. 4).

Figure 4 Distribution maps for Vindex sculptilis, Ameripassalus guatemalensis, Passalus interstitialis, P. punctatostriatus, P. punctiger, Paxillus leachi, Ptichopus angulatus, Omorgus (Omorgus) fuliginosus, O. (O.) suberosus, and Trogellus (Mayaesalus) trifinius in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1897, 1951, 1976.

Months of collection: June and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 250-2,360 m.

Comments: reported as Vindex quadrangulifrons Kuwert by Kuwert (1898) and Hincks & Dibb (1935).

Tribe Passalini Leach, 1815

Ameripassalus Jiménez-Ferbans & Reyes-Castillo, 2014 Ameripassalus guatemalensis (Kaup, 1869)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (MUHNES) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 810 m.

Comments: new country record.

Passalus Fabricius, 1792

Passalus interstitialis Eschscholtz, 1829

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Cuba, Jamaica, and Grenada (Reyes-Castillo 1973, Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC); (San Francisco Menéndez) (MUHNES); Santa Ana: Lago de Coatepeque (Isla Teopán) (MUHNES); El Congo (RDCC); La Libertad: El Barillo (MUHNES); Los Chorros (MUHNES, RDCC); Puerto de La Libertad (Romero-Nápoles, 2021); no specific department: no specific locality (Reyes-Castillo, 1973: 1582) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: 1973-1980, 1999.

Months of collection: February, March, May, and September.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 30-820 m.

Passalus punctatostriatus (Percheron, 1835) Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Laguna Las Ninfas (MUHNES); Santa Ana: Finca San Jorge (Hincks, 1953: 34); Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 43; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4); Sonsonate: Izalco (Los Guates Farm) (MUHNES); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (MUHNES); San Salvador: San Salvador (Hincks, 1953: 34); San Vicente: Volcán de San Vicente-Chinchontepec (Hacienda El Carmen) (Hincks, 1953: 34) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: 1951, 1973-1976.

Months of collection: April-June, and November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-2,000 m.

Passalus punctiger Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1825

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, French Guiana, Ecuador (Galápagos Islands), Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Jamaica, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (MUHNES, RDCC); Santa Ana: Finca San Jorge (Hincks, 1953: 34); Lago de Coatepeque (Isla Teopán) (MUHNES); Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Peraza, 2017: 43; Serrano-Peraza et al., 2022: 4); La Libertad: (Laguna de) Zapotitán (Hincks, 1953: 34); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (MUHNES); San Salvador: Lago de Ilopango (Isla Asino) (MUHNES); Los Planes de Renderos (MUHNES); Parque Saburo Hirao (MUHNES); San Salvador (Hincks, 1953: 35) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: 1951, 1973-1979, 1999.

Months of collection: February, April-June, and October-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-1,005 m.

Comments: the specimens collected in Zapotitán and Finca San Jorge were identified as Passalus interruptus (Linnaeus) in Hincks (1953) (see species that do not occur in El Salvador).

Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 Paxillus leachi MacLeay, 1819

Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay (Schoolmeesters, 2022). The species is not present in the Antilles (Jiménez-Ferbans et al., 2015).

Locality records: Santa Ana: El Congo (MUHNES, RDCC); Finca San Jorge (Hincks, 1953: 34); La Libertad: Los Chorros (RDCC); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (MUHNES); Plan de La Laguna (MUHNES); Puerto de La Libertad (Romero-Nápoles, 2021); no specific department: no specific locality (Hincks & Dibb, 1935: 36) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: 1951, 1966, 1974-1980.

Months of collection: January, February, April, May, July, and September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 30-820 m.

Ptichopus Kaup, 1869

Ptichopus angulatus (Percheron, 1835)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (MUHNES, RDCC); Santa Ana: Finca San Jorge (MUHNES); Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (MUHNES); San Salvador: San Salvador (Hincks, 1953: 35); no specific department: no specific locality (Hincks & Dibb, 1935: 63) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: 1951, 1975-1976, 1999.

Months of collection: April-June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 480-810 m.

Family Trogidae MacLeay, 1819 Subfamily Omorginae Nikolajev, 2005 Omorgus Erichson, 1847

Omorgus (Omorgus) fuliginosus Robinson, 1941 Distribution: USA, Mexico, El Salvador, and Costa

Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: La Libertad (Ratcliffe, 1978: 301); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe, 1978: 301) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 70-900 m.

Comments: reported as Trox fuliginosus by Ratcliffe (1978).

Omorgus (Omorgus) suberosus (Fabricius, 1775) Distribution: USA, Mexico, El Salvador, Panama,

Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, and Martinique; and Palearctic, Oriental, and Australian regions (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Usulután: Alegría (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,130 m.

Comments: reported as Trox suberosus by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957).

Family Lucanidae Latreille, 1804 Subfamily Aesalinae MacLeay, 1819 Tribe Aesalini MacLeay, 1819 Trogellus Paulsen, 2013 Trogellus (Mayaesalus) trifinius Paulsen, 2013 Distribution: El Salvador (Paulsen, 2013).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Paulsen, 2013: 17) (Fig. 4).

Years of collection: 2002.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: the species is precinctive to El Salvador.

Family Ochodaeidae Mulsant & Rey, 1871 Subfamily Ochodaeinae Mulsant & Rey, 1871 Tribe Ochodaeini Mulsant & Rey, 1871 Parochodaeus Nikolajev, 1995 Parochodaeus puncticollis (Arrow, 1911)

Distribution: Guatemala. El Salvador, and Honduras (Paulsen, 2012).

Locality records: Santa Ana: no specific locality (Paulsen, 2012: 178) (Fig. 5).

Figure 5 Distribution maps for Parochodaeus puncticollis, Anaides laticollis, Chaetodus (Chaetodus) teamscaraborum, Germarostes spp., Agrilinellus chiapasensis, Blackburneus charmionus, B. diminutus, B. guatemalensis, Gonaphodiellus bimaculosus, and G. sexguttatus in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Comments: the species is known only from montane forests from Chiapas to Honduras (Paulsen, 2012), therefore the locality record is probably Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) as for the lucanid T. trifinius (Paulsen, 2013).

Family Hybosoridae Erichson, 1847 Subfamily Anaidinae Nikolajev, 1996 Anaides Westwood, 1845 Anaides laticollis Harold, 1863

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (J. Pablo, personal observation); no specific department: no specific locality (Ocampo, 2006: 43) (Fig. 5).

Years of collection: 2013.

Months of collection: June-November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: specimens from Parque Nacional El Imposible were captured in pitfall traps baited with human dung and chicken carrion (J. Pablo, personal observation).

Chaetodus Westwood, 1845

Chaetodus (Chaetodus) teamscaraborum Ocampo, 2006 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ocampo, 2006: 140) (Fig. 5).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Subfamily Ceratocanthinae Martínez, 1968 Tribe Ceratocanthini Martínez, 1968 Germarostes Paulian, 1982

Comments: specimens of this genus were collected (2018-2019) in El Salvador at lights in Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Fig. 5). Unfortunately, none of them have been identified to species level. They are deposited in the CMNC with the hope that their identity will be revealed in the future.

Family Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802 Subfamily Aphodiinae Leach, 1815 Tribe Aphodiini Leach, 1815

Agrilinellus Dellacasa, Dellacasa, & Gordon, 2008 Agrilinellus chiapasensis (Galante, Stebnicka & Verdú, 2003)

Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (Dellacasa et al., 2008; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Dellacasa et al., 2008: 10) (Fig. 5).

Years of collection: 1958, 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Blackburneus Schmidt, 1913 Blackburneus charmionus (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Dellacasa et al., 2002: 202) (Fig. 5).

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 2,020 m. Blackburneus diminutus (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Dellacasa et al., 2002: 205); San Miguel: Laguna Olomega (Dellacasa et al., 2002: 205) (Fig. 5).

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 80-2,020 m. Blackburneus guatemalensis (Bates, 1887) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Dellacasa et al., 2002: 195) (Fig. 5).

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 2,020 m.

Gonaphodiellus Schmidt, 1913 Gonaphodiellus bimaculosus (Schmidt, 1909)

Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Dellacasa et al., 2012: 6) (Fig. 5).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m. Gonaphodiellus sexguttatus (Schmidt, 1916)

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Dellacasa et al., 2012: 14) (Fig. 5).

Years of collection: 1958, 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Gonaphodioides Dellacasa, Dellacasa, & Gordon, 2012 Gonaphodioides cartwrighti Dellacasa, Dellacasa & Gordon, 2013

Distribution: El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Dellacasa et al., 2013: 1-2) (Fig. 6).

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: the species is precinctive to El Salvador.

Haroldiellus Gordon & Skelley, 2007 Haroldiellus sallei (Harold, 1863)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Berry, 1959b; Dellacasa et al., 2002; Schoolmeester 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: no specific locality (Gordon & Skelley, 2022: 3); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (EAPZ); La Libertad: no specific locality (Skelley & Keller, 2022: 3); San Salvador: no specific locality (Skelley & Keller, 2022: 3); Cuscatlán: no specific locality (Skelley & Keller 2022: 3); San Vicente: no specific locality (Skelley & Keller, 2022: 3) (Fig. 6); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 7).

Figure 6 Distribution maps for Gonaphodioides cartwrighti, Haroldiellus sallei, Nialaphodius nigrita, Ataenius aequalis, A. carinator, A. castaniellus, A. communis, A. complicatus, A. cribrithorax, and A. glabriventris in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1994.

Months of collection: July.

Topographic zone: interior valley, Northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,660 m.

Comments: reported as Aphodius sallaei in Berry (1959b).

Nialaphodius Kolbe, 1908 Nialaphodius nigrita (Fabricius, 1801)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Martinique, and St. Vincent & the Grenadines; and Afrotropical region (Horgan, 2008; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2969); La Paz: Comalapa (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2008: 2969) (Fig. 6).

Years of collection: 1995-1997.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-135 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Comalapa (cow dung and fruit) and Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung) (Horgan, 2008).

Tribe Eupariini Schmidt, 1910 Ataenius Harold, 1867 Ataenius aequalis Harold, 1880

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Guadeloupe, and St. Vincent & the Grenadines (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Volcán San Diego (Stebnicka, 2005: 105) (Fig. 6).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 760. Ataenius carinator Harold, 1874

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, and Peru (Stebnicka, 2007; Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC) (Fig. 6).

Years of collection: 2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: new country record.

Ataenius castaniellus Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Los Chorros (Stebnicka, 2005: 110) (Fig. 6).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 730. Ataenius communis Hinton, 1936

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad & Tobago (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo [probably San José Ingenio] (Stebnicka, 2001: 267); La Libertad: Los Chorros (Stebnicka, 2001: 267); Volcán de San Salvador (El Boquerón) (Stebnicka, 2001: 267) (Fig. 6).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, northern mountains.

Elevation range: 730-1,845 m. Ataenius complicatus Harold, 1869

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Curaçao, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: no specific locality (Stebnicka, 2006: 94) (Fig. 6).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data. Ataenius cribrithorax Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica, and US Virgin Islands (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Stebnicka, 2001: 264) (Fig. 6).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 900 m. Ataenius glabriventris Schmidt, 1911

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: no specific locality (Stebnicka & Lago, 2005: 72) (Fig 6).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Comments: the collection site is reported simply as “S Area” (Stebnicka & Lago, 2005). It likely refers to an area near or in the city of La Libertad because of the date of collection: 11-V-1971 or dates near (13-V-1971). The collector of the specimen, H. Howden, collected other specimens around that area (Ratcliffe, 1978; Kohlmann, 1996; González-Alvarado & Vaz-de-Mello, 2014; Darling & Génier, 2018).

Ataenius gracilis (Melsheimer, 1845)

Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador (Galápagos Islands), Peru, Chile, Argentina, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, St. Kitts & Nevis, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Barbados, and Grenada (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 9).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Ataenius imbricatus (Melsheimer, 1844)

Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, and Barbados (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Vicente: no specific locality (Stebnicka, 2003: 225) (Fig 7).

Figure 7 Distribution maps for Ataenius imbricatus, A. liogaster, A. nugator, A. perforatus, A. platensis, A. sculptor, A. usingeri, Odontolytes capitosus, Cartwrightia islasi, and Haroldiataenius limbatus in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Ataenius liogaster Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Antigua & Barbuda, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, Galápagos Islands. Australia: Christmas Island. Asia: Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Micronesia, and Indonesia (Stebnicka & Lago, 2005; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Stebnicka & Lago, 2005: 61) (Fig. 7). Years of collection: no data. Months of collection: no data. Topographic zone: coastal mountains. Elevation range: 900 m.

Ataenius nugator Harold, 1880

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, US Virgin Islands, and Martinique (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Los Chorros (Stebnicka, 2001: 263) (Fig. 7).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 730 m. Ataenius perforatus Harold, 1867

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Volcán de San Salvador (El Boquerón) (Stebnicka, 2001: 275) (Fig. 7).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,845 m. Ataenius platensis (Blanchard, 1846)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, and Guadeloupe (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Los Chorros (Stebnicka, 2005: 126) (Fig. 7).

Years of collection: 1980.

Months of collection: January.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 730 m.

Comments: collection data from specimen in RDCC. Ataenius scalptifrons Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Galante et al., 2003: 293).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data. Ataenius sculptor Harold, 1868

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Cara Sucia (Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 528); La Libertad: no specific locality (Stebnicka, 2006: 94) (Fig. 7).

Years of collection: 2016.

Months of collection: July.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5 m. Ataenius texanus Harold, 1874

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Stebnicka, 2007).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Stebnicka, 2007: 67).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data. Ataenius usingeri Hinton, 1937

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: La Libertad (Stebnicka, 2005: 133); Santa Tecla (Stebnicka, 2005: 133) (Fig. 7).

Years of collection: 1971

Months of collection: May and June.

Topographic zone: coastal plain, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 70-900 m.

Odontolytes Koshantschikov, 1916 Odontolytes capitosus (Harold, 1867)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Stebnicka, 2002).

Locality records: La Libertad: Los Chorros (Stebnicka, 2002: 768) (Fig. 7).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 730 m.

Cartwrightia Islas, 1958 Cartwrightia islasi Cartwright, 1967

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Cartwright, 1967: 4) (Fig. 7).

Years of collection: 1957.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: the species was described from specimens collected at lights in San Salvador (Cartwright, 1967).

Haroldiataenius Chalumeau, 1981 Haroldiataenius limbatus (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Stebnicka & Skelley 2007; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Stebnicka & Skelley, 2007: 11) (Fig. 7).

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in the detritus from a nest of Atta sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Stebnicka & Skelley, 2007: 11).

Tribe Psammodiini Mulsant, 1842 Trichiorhyssemus Clouët, 1901 Trichiorhyssemus cristatellus (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Sonsonate: no specific locality (Gordon & Cartwright, 1980: 20) (Fig. 8).

Figure 8 Distribution maps for Trichiorhyssemus cristatellus, Ateuchus (Ateuchus) colossus, A. (A.) rodriguezi, Uroxys deavilai, U. microcularis, Canthidium (Canthidium) laetum, C. (C.) pseudopuncticolle, Copris (Copris) aspericollis, C. (C.) boucardi, and C. (C.) costaricensis in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Subfamily Scarabaeinae Latreille, 1802 Tribe Ateuchini Perty, 1830 Ateuchus Weber, 1801

Ateuchus (Ateuchus) colossusMoctezuma, Sánchez-Huerta & Halffter, 2018

Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (Moctezuma et al., 2018, M. Cupello, personal communication).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso, La Torre [Camino hacia la Hacienda Montecristo], Los Planes) (Kohlmann, 2000: 244) (Fig. 8).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,450-2,360 m.

Comments: the specimens Kohlmann (2000) identified as Ateuchus chrysopyge from El Salvador are A. colossus. Ateuchus chrysopyge is a junior synonym of A. illaesus and does not occur on the Pacific side of Central America (M. Cupello, personal communication).

Ateuchus (Ateuchus) rodriguezi (Preudhomme de Borre, 1886)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46, Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6; Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378); La Libertad: Los Chorros (Kohlmann, 1996: 187); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); No specific locality (MZSP); San Salvador: Apopa (Josué Chávez, personal communication); No specific locality (CMNC, CNCI); Cuscatlán: Cojutepeque (MZSP); La Paz: Comalapa (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2002: 30); San Vicente: Volcán de San Vicente-Chinchontepec (Finca La Paz) (MZSP); No specific locality (DZUP); San Miguel: San Miguel (EMEC); La Unión: La Unión (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 43) (Fig. 8).

Years of collection: 1959-1962, 1971, 1995-1998, 2013, 2018.

Months of collection: April-July, September, and October.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 30-2,000 m.

Comments: reported as Ateuchus ampliatus Bates by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957). The species is rare in Parque Nacional El Imposible (Pablo-Cea, 2014, 2021). Specimens were captured with baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung, beef carrion, and fruit) (Horgan, 2008), Comalapa (cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001), Cara Sucia (Fuentes, 2009; Pablo-Cea et al., 2017), and Parque Nacional El Imposible (human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014, 2021).

Scatimus Erichson, 1847

Scatimus ovatus Harold, 1862

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 50).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Uroxys Westwood, 1842

Uroxys boneti Pereira & Halffter, 1961

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Solís & Kohlmann, 2013: 293).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Uroxys deavilai Delgado & Kohlmann, 2007 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2016: 220, 2020: 6) (Fig. 8).

Years of collection: 2013.

Months of collection: June-November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with human dung and chicken carrion (Pablo-Cea, 2014).

Uroxys microcularis Howden & Young, 1981 Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and

Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46, Pablo-Cea et al., 2016: 220; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6) (Fig. 8).

Years of collection: 2013.

Months of collection: June-November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with human dung and chicken carrion (Pablo-Cea, 2014).

Tribe Coprini Leach, 1815

Canthidium Erichson, 1847

Canthidium (Canthidium) laetum Harold, 1867 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Paz: El Rosario (Solís & Kohlmann, 2004: 49; Kohlmann & Solís, 2006: 255); La Unión: La Unión (Solís & Kohlmann, 2004: 49; Kohlmann & Solís, 2006: 255) (Fig. 8). Years of collection: 1958. Months of collection: May. Topographic zone: coastal plain. Elevation range: 30-85 m. Comments: captured under dung.

Canthidium (Canthidium) pseudopuncticolleSolís & Kohlmann, 2004

Distribution: USA, Mexico, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Solís & Kohlmann, 2004, Pablo-Cea et al., 2016).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46, Pablo-Cea et al., 2016: 219-220, 2020: 6) (Fig. 8).

Years of collection: 2013.

Months of collection: June-November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: reported as Canthidium pseudopunticolle [sic] by Pablo-Cea (2014) and Pablo-Cea et al. (2016, 2020). Specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with human dung and chicken carrion (Pablo-Cea, 2014).

Copris Geoffroy, 1762

Copris (Copris) aspericollis Gillet, 1910

Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Kohlmann et al., 2003: 13) (Fig. 8).

Years of collection: 2002.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890 m.

Copris (Copris) boucardi Harold, 1869

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (FMNH); no specific department: no specific locality (Deloya et al., 2014: 73) (Fig. 8).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Copris (Copris) costaricensis Gahan, 1894

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama (Fuentes, 2009; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); San Salvador: Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22) (Fig. 8).

Years of collection: 2007, 2013, 2018.

Months of collection: June-November.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 625-870 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with human dung and chicken carrion in Parque Nacional El Imposible (Pablo-Cea, 2014), cattle dung in Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009), and squid carrion in Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Copris (Copris) laeviceps Harold, 1869

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Colombia (Horgan, 2001; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Morazán: Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Horgan, 2001: 106) (Fig. 9).

Figure 9 Distribution maps for Copris (Copris) laeviceps, C. (C.) lugubris, C. (C.) matthewsi pacificus, Dichotomius (Dichotomius) annae, D. (Selenocopris) centralis, D. (S.) yucatanus, Agamopus lampros, Canthon (Canthon) cyanellus, C. (C.) deyrollei, and C. (C.) indigaceus chevrolati in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1997.

Months of collection: May and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 655 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with cow dung.

Copris (Copris) lugubris Boheman, 1858 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El

Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Cara Sucia (Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 528); Parque Nacional El Imposible (La Fincona) (MUHNES); (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Darling & Génier, 2018: 21; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); Santa Ana: Metapán (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); Santa Ana (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); Chalatenango: Chalatenango (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); La Palma (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); La Libertad: La Libertad (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); Los Chorros (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); Santa Tecla (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); San Salvador: Aguilares (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); San Salvador (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); (Universidad de El Salvador) (Josué Chávez and Melissa Oviedo, personal communication); Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22); La Paz: Comalapa (MUHNES); (La Providencia) (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106; Horgan, 2002: 30; Horgan, 2008: 2969); Cuscatlán: Área Natural Protegida Colima (Cerrón Grande) (J. Pablo, personal observation); No specific locality (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); Cabañas: Chorrera del Guayabo (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); Usulután: Cerro El Tigre (MUHNES); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (MUHNES); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (MUHNES); Cerro Cacahuatique (MUHNES); Cerro Perquín (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106); Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106); La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Darling & Génier, 2018: 21); no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 132) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1958-1960, 1971, 1979, 1995-2001, 2007, 2012-2013, 2016.

Months of collection: February-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5-1,580 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung, beef carrion, fruit) (Horgan, 2008), Comalapa (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001, 2008), Jocoaitique and Cerro Perquín (cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001), Cara Sucia and Tonacatepeque (cow dung) (Fuentes, 2009; Pablo-Cea et al., 2017), and Parque Nacional El Imposible (human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014). Copris (Copris) matthewsi pacificusDelgado & Kohlmann, 2001

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Delgado & Kohlmann, 2001: 350); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (Kohlmann et al., 2003: 15) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1971, 2002.

Months of collection: May, June, and September.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360-2,660 m.

Dichotomius Hope, 1838

Dichotomius (Dichotomius) annaeKohlmann & Solís, 1997

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (RDCC); Sonsonate: Sonsonate (Kohlmann & Solís, 1997: 356); La Libertad: La Libertad (Kohlmann & Solís, 1997: 356); Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968); San Andrés (MUHNES); San Salvador: Parque Saburo Hirao (MUHNES); San Salvador (Kohlmann & Solís, 1997: 356); Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22); La Paz: Comalapa (Aeropuerto) (MUHNES); (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2008: 2969); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (MUHNES); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (MUHNES) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1905, 1920, 1953, 1958, 1979, 1998-2001, 2013, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: April-September, and November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 35-1,890 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger and Comalapa (beef carrion and cow dung) (Horgan, 2008), Parque Nacional El Imposible and Parque El Bicentenario (human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014; Pablo-Cea, 2021), and Jocoaitique (cow dung) (Horgan, 2001).

Dichotomius (Selenocopris) centralis (Harold, 1869) Distribution: Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); Chalatenango: Comalapa (Kohlmann & Solís, 1997: 358); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenarion (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); San Salvador: San Salvador (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47); (Universidad de El Salvador) (Josué Chávez & Melissa Oviedo, personal communication); Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22); La Paz: Comalapa (La Providencia) (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106, 2002: 30, 2008: 2969); Morazán: Cerro Perquín (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106); Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1976, 1995-1998, 2008, 2013, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: April-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-1,205 m.

Comments: reported as Pinotus centralis by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957). Specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (beef carrion, cow and horse dung, fruit) (Fuentes, 1998, Horgan, 2008), Comalapa (La Providencia) (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001, 2008), Parque El Bicentenario (squid carrion, human dung, decaying fruit) (Pablo-Cea, 2021), Parque Nacional El Imposible (chicken carrion, human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014), Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) and Cerro Perquín (cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001), and Tonacatepeque (cow dung) (Fuentes, 2009).

Dichotomius (Selenocopris) yucatanus (Bates, 1887) Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras,

Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Colombia (Fuentes, 1998; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); Chalatenango: San Ignacio (MUHNES); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); Cabañas: Cinquera (RDCC) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1979, 1995-1998, 2001, 2013, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: April-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-1,060 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque El Bicentenario (squid carrion, human dung, decaying fruit) (Pablo-Cea, 2021), Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Fuentes, 1998; Horgan, 2008), and Parque Nacional El Imposible (chicken carrion, human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014).

Tribe Deltochilini Lacordaire, 1856 Agamopus Bates, 1887 Agamopus lampros Bates, 1887

Distribution: El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (Fuentes, 1998; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter

Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 41) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1995-1997.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with beef carrion, cow dung, and fruit (Horgan, 2008).

Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817

Canthon (Canthon) cyanellus LeConte, 1859 Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (Fuentes, 1998; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968); San Salvador: Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22); Morazán: Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Fuentes, 1998; Horgan, 2001: 106) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1995-1997.

Months of collection: July and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-780 m.

Comments: reported as Canthon cyanellis [sic] by Fuentes (1998). Specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional El Imposible (chicken carrion) (Pablo-Cea, 2014), Tonacatepeque and Jocoaitique (cow dung) (Fuentes, 1998, Horgan, 2008), and Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung, beef carrion, fruit) (Horgan, 2008).

Canthon (Canthon) deyrollei Harold, 1868

Distribution: Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (Solís & Kohlmann, 2002; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (MUHNES, RDCC); San Vicente: Apastepeque (Poza Azul) (MUHNES, RDCC); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 15) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 500-780 m.

Comments: specimens from Parque Nacional El Imposible were collected in horse dung (R. D. Cave, personal observation).

Canthon (Canthon) indigaceus chevrolati Harold, 1868 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (Solís & Kohlmann, 2002; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Francisco Menéndez) (MUHNES, RDCC); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); San Salvador: Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22); La Paz: Comalapa (MUHNES); (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2001: 106, 2002: 30, 2008: 2969); San Vicente: Apastepeque (Poza Azul) (MUHNES, RDCC); Tecoluca (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 44) (Fig. 9).

Years of collection: 1979, 1995-1997, 2001.

Months of collection: May-August.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-625 m.

Comments: reported as Canthon chevrolati by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957). Specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow and horse dung) (Fuentes, 2008; Horgan, 2008) and Tonacatepeque and Comalapa (cow dung) (Horgan, 2008; Fuentes, 2009).

Canthon (Canthon) morsei Howden, 1966

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador (Solís & Kohlmann, 2002; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 29).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) championi Bates, 1887 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama (Rivera-Cervantes & Halffter 1999; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Francisco Menéndez) (MUHNES); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (MUHNES); no specific locality (Rivera-Cervantes & Halffter, 1999: 86) (Fig. 10).

Figure 10 Distribution maps for Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) championi, C. (G.) femoralis, C. (G.) meridionalis, Deltochilum (Deltochilum) scabriusculum, D. (Hybomidium) lobipes, D. (H.) sublaeve, Malagoniella (Malagoniella) yucateca, and Pseudocanthon perplexus in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1971, 1979, 1995, 2002.

Months of collection: May and September.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-250 m.

Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) femoralis (Chevrolat, 1834) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); La Libertad: Los Chorros (MUHNES) (Fig. 10); no specific department: no specific locality (Morón, 2003: 32).

Years of collection: 1979, 2013.

Months of collection: June-November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 730-780 m.

Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) meridionalis Martínez, Halffter, & Halffter, 1964

Distribution: El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Horgan, 2007; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 2008: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968) (Fig. 10).

Years of collection: 1995-1998.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135 m.

Comments: reported as Canthon viridis meridionalis by Horgan (2007, 2008). Specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with beef carrion, cow and horse dung, and fruit (Fuentes, 1998; Horgan, 2008).

Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822

Deltochilum (Calhyboma) mexicanum Burmeister, 1848 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 38).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Deltochilum (Deltochilum) scabriusculum Bates, 1887 Distribution: USA, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22) (Fig. 10).

Years of collection: 1997.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 625 m.

Comments: reported as Deltochilium [sic] scabriusculum by Fuentes (2009).

Deltochilum (Hybomidium) lobipes Bates, 1887 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: La Libertad (González-Alvarado & Vaz-de-Mello, 2014: 445); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968); La Paz: Comalapa (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2002: 30) (Fig. 10).

Years of collection: 1971, 1995-1998.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-135 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung, beef carrion) and Comalapa (cow dung) (Horgan, 2002, 2008).

Deltochilum (Hybomidium) sublaeve Bates, 1887 Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Ecuador (Howden & Young, 1981; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6) (Fig. 10); no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 37).

Years of collection: 2013.

Months of collection: June, and August-October.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: reported as Deltochilum (Hybomidium) gibbosum panamensis Howden by Howden & Young (1981). Reported as D. gibbosum by Pablo-Cea (2014) and Pablo-Cea et al. (2020).

Malagoniella Martínez, 1961

Malagoniella (Malagoniella) yucateca (Harold, 1863) Distribution: USA, Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Horgan, 2008; Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter

Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968) (Fig. 10).

Years of collection: 1995-1997.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135 m.

Comments: reported as Malagoniella astyanax (Olivier) by Horgan (2008). Specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with cow dung (Horgan, 2008).

Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887 Pseudocanthon perplexus (LeConte, 1847)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Grand Bahama Island (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Usulután: Nancuchiname (MUHNES) (Fig. 10); no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 35).

Years of collection: 1976.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 15 m.

Comments:Horgan (2007) reported Pseudocanthon sp. 1, which probably is P. perplexus.

Tribe Oniticellini Kolbe, 1905

Euoniticellus Janssens, 1953 Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche, 1848)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama; and Afrotropical and Palearctic regions (Solís et al., 2015; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Cara Sucia (Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 527); La Libertad: Laguna Caldera (Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 527); Playa El Majahual (Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 527); San Salvador: Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2008: 32; Solís & Kohlmann, 2012: 13; Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 529); Cuscatlán: Área Natural Protegida Colima (Cerrón Grande) (Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 527); San Vicente: Eco-Parque Tehuacán (Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 527) (Fig. 11).

Figure 11 Distribution maps for Euoniticellus intermedius, Eurysternus mexicanus, E. magnus, Digitonthophagus gazella, Onthophagus (Onthophagus) batesi, O. (O.) belorhinus, O. (O.) championi, O. (O.) hoepfneri, O. (O.) incensus, and O. (O.) landolti in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 2003-2008, 2012-2016.

Months of collection: July.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5-625 m.

Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 Eurysternus mexicanus Harold, 1869

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guyana (Horgan, 2001; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Morazán: Cerro Perquín (Horgan, 2001: 106) (Fig. 11).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,205 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with cow dung (Horgan, 2001).

Eurysternus magnus Laporte, 1840

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Génier, 2009: 191) (Fig. 11).

Years of collection: 1971, 2013.

Months of collection: May, July-September, and November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-2,020 m.

Comments: captured in pitfall traps baited with cow dung.

Tribe Onthophagini Burmeister, 1846 Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, and Guadeloupe; and Afrotropical region, Asia, and Australia (Noriega et al., 2015; Génier & Moretto 2017; Pablo-Cea et al., 2017; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Cara Sucia (Pablo-Cea et al., 2017: 527) (Fig. 11).

Years of collection: 2016.

Months of collection: July.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5 m.

Onthophagus Latreille, 1802

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) batesiHowden & Cartwright, 1963

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Martinique (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); Sonsonate: Sonsonate (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23); Chalatenango: San Ignacio (RDCC); La Libertad: La Ceiba (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23); Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968); Santa Tecla (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23); San Salvador: Ilopango (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 46); Mejicanos (J. Pablo, personal observation; Parque Saburo Hirao (MUHNES, RDCC); San Salvador (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23); (Universidad de El Salvador) (Josué Chávez and Melissa Oviedo, personal communication); Tonacatepeque (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23; Fuentes, 2009: 22); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 46); La Paz: Comalapa (MUHNES); (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2001: 106, 2002: 30, 2008: 2969); San Miguel: Ciudad Barrios (Cerro Cacahuatique) (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23); Laguna Olomega (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23); Morazán: Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Horgan, 2001: 106); La Unión: La Unión (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23; Kohlmann & Solís, 2001: 175; Pulido-Herrera & Zunino, 2007: 96); Volcán de Conchagua (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23) (Fig. 11).

Years of collection: 1925, 1958, 1979, 1995-1998, 2013, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: All year, except March.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 30-1,405 m.

Comments: reported as O. incensus by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) (see O. incensus for more details). The species was described based on specimens from La Unión (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 23). Reported as Onthofagus batisi [sic] by Fuentes (2009). Specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Comalapa (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2008), Parque El Bicentenario (squid carrion, human dung, decaying fruit) (Pablo-Cea, 2021), Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (beef carrion, cow dung) (Horgan, 2008), Jocoaitique (cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001), Parque Nacional El Imposible (chicken carrion, human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014), and Tonacatepeque (cow dung) (Fuentes, 2009).

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) belorhinus (Bates, 1887) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Ecuador (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378) (Fig. 11); no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 121).

Years of collection: 2013, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-870 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque El Bicentenario (squid carrion, human dung, decaying fruit) (Pablo-Cea, 2021) and Parque Nacional El Imposible (human dung, chicken carrion) (Pablo-Cea, 2014).

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) championi Bates, 1887 Distribution: México, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Fuentes, 1998; Moctezuma 2021; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968) (Fig. 11).

Years of collection: 1979, 1995-1998, 2018.

Months of collection: September and November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-780 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Fuentes, 1998; Horgan, 2008) and Parque Nacional El Imposible (human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) crinitus Harold, 1869 Distribution: Mexico, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Colombia (Pulido-Herrera & Zunino, 2007; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Pulido-Herrera & Zunino, 2007: 97).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) cyanellus Bates, 1887 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador (Pulido-Herrera & Zunino, 2007; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Pulido-Herrera & Zunino, 2007: 102).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) hoepfneri Harold, 1869 Distribution: USA, Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Fuentes, 1998; Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29); La Paz: Comalapa (La Providencia) (Horgan, 2001: 106, 2002: 30, 2008: 2969) (Fig. 11).

Years of collection: 1995-1998.

Months of collection: May and August.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-135 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow and horse dung) (Fuentes, 1998) and Comalapa (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001).

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) incensus Say, 1835 Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Uruguay, and Dominican Republic (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo [probably Los Planes] (Howden & Cartwright, 1963: 26); Chalatenango: La Montañona (MUHNES); Morazán: Cerro Perquín (Horgan, 2001: 106) (Fig. 11).

Years of collection: 1996, 1997.

Months of collection: May and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,205-1,890 m.

Comments: Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) reported the species in San Salvador: Ilopango and Cuscatlán: El Rosario, but they probably misidentified the specimens of an undescribed species later named O. batesi. Onthophagus incensus is found at elevations above 800 m (Kohlmann & Solís, 2001). Specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with cow and horse dung in Cerro Perquín (Horgan, 2001). Onthophagus (Onthophagus) landolti Harold, 1880

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El

Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6) (San Francisco Menéndez) (MUHNES, RDCC); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (MUHNES, RDCC); La Libertad: Los Chorros (RDCC); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); La Paz: Comalapa (La Providencia) (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2002: 30) (Fig. 11); no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 113).

Years of collection: 1979, 1999, 2013.

Months of collection: May-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-810 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2008), Parque Nacional El Imposible (chicken carrion, human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014), and Comalapa (cow and horse dung) (Fuentes, 1998; Horgan, 2002).

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) marginicollis Harold, 1880 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,

Guyana, Peru, and Cuba (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968); La Paz: Comalapa (MUHNES); (La Providencia) (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106, 2002: 30, 2008: 2969); Morazán: Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106) (Fig. 12); no specific department: no specific locality (Howden & Young, 1981: 108).

Figure 12 Distribution maps for Onthophagus (Onthophagus) marginicollis, O. (O.) salvadorensis, Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) boucardi, C. (C.) corythus, Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) pacificus, P. (Phanaeus) excelsus, P. (P.) eximius, P. (P.) wagneri, Sisyphus (Sisyphus) mexicanus, and Diplotaxis angustula in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1995-1998, 2019.

Months of collection: January-May, and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-870 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Comalapa (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001, 2008), Jocoaitique (cow and horse dung) (Fuentes, 1998), Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung) (Horgan, 2008), and Parque El Bicentenario (human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) salvadorensisZunino & Halffter, 1988

Distribution: El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (NE of Metapán) (Bosque Nebuloso) (Zunino & Halffter, 1988: 120; Pulido-Herrera & Zunino, 2007: 115) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: the species is precinctive to El Salvador.

Tribe Phanaeini Hope, 1838 Coprophanaeus Olsoufieff, 1924

Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) boucardi (Nevinson, 1891)

Distribution: El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Santa Tecla (Edmonds & Zidek, 2010: 68); San Salvador: Lago de Ilopango (Edmonds & Zidek, 2010: 68); San Salvador (Edmonds & Zidek, 2010: 68) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 2018-2019.

Months of collection: March-October.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 510-900 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in pitfall traps baited with squid carrion (Pablo-Cea, 2021). Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) corythus (Harold, 1863)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (Fuentes, 1998; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968); Morazán: Cerro Perquín (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106); Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Horgan, 2001: 106) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 1997, 2013, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: April-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-1,205 m.

Comments: reported as Coprophanaeus telamon (Erichson) by Fuentes (1998), as C. telemon [sic] by Horgan (2001), and as C. telamon telamon by Horgan (2008). Specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung, beef carrion, and fruit) (Horgan, 2008), Parque Nacional El Imposible (carrion chicken, human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014), Parque El Bicentenario (squid carrion, human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2021), and Jocoaitique and Cerro Perquín (cow dung) (Horgan, 2001).

Phanaeus MacLeay, 1819

Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) pacificusMoctezuma & Halffter, 2021

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Moctezuma & Halffter, 2021).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 20; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968; Moctezuma & Halffter, 2021: 33); San Andrés (MUHNES); Santa Tecla (Edmonds, 1994: 101); San Salvador: Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22); Cuscatlán: Área Natural Protegida Colima (Cerrón Grande) (J. Pablo, personal observation); Morazán: Cerro Perquín (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106); Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Horgan, 2001: 106) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 1976, 1995-1998, 2012-2013, 2018.

Months of collection: May-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-1,205 m.

Comments: reported as Phanaeus endymiun [sic] in Fuentes (2009) and as P. endymion Harold by Edmonds (1994), Horgan (2001, 2008), Pablo-Cea (2014), and Pablo-Cea et al. (2021). The specimens in MUHNES are labeled as P. endymion. Specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (beef carrion, cow dung, fruit) (Horgan, 2008), Parque Nacional El Imposible (carrion chicken, human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2021), Comalapa, Jocoaitique, and Cerro Perquín (cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001), and Tonacatepeque and Colima (cow dung) (Fuentes, 2009; J. Pablo, personal observation).

Phanaeus (Phanaeus) excelsus Bates, 1889

Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Santa Ana: San Diego (Edmonds, 1994: 100); La Libertad: Quezaltepeque (Edmonds, 1994: 100); San Salvador: Tonacatepeque (Fuentes, 2009: 22); Cuscatlán: Área Natural Protegida Colima (Cerrón Grande) (J. Pablo, personal observation); La Paz: Comalapa (Aeropuerto) (MUHNES); (La Providencia) (Fuentes, 1998: 29 ; Horgan, 2001: 106, 2002: 30, 2008: 2969); Usulután: Usulután (Edmonds, 1994: 100); La Unión: Playa El Icacal (Edmonds, 1994: 100); Volcán de Conchagua (Edmonds, 1994: 100) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 1995-1998.

Months of collection: May and August.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 15-1,190 m.

Comments: reported as Phanaeus demon Laporte in all references, but this species only occurs in Mexico and Guatemala (Edmonds & Zidek 2012; V. Moctezuma, personal communication). Specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Comalapa (beef carrion, cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001, 2008) and Tonacatepeque, Colima (cow dung) (Fuentes, 2009; J. Pablo, personal observation).

Phanaeus (Phanaeus) eximius Bates, 1887

Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); Morazán: Cerro Perquín (Horgan, 2001: 106); Jocoaitique (El Rodeo) (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2001: 106); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 61) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 1995-1998, 2013.

Months of collection: May, June, and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-1,205 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (beef carrion, cow dung, fruit) (Horgan, 2008), Cerro Perquín (cow and horse dung) (Horgan, 2001), Parque Nacional El Imposible (human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014), and Colima and Jocoaitique (cow dung) (Horgan, 2001; Fuentes, 2009; J. Pablo, personal observation).

Phanaeus (Phanaeus) wagneri Harold, 1863 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46; Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); Chalatenango: La Palma (Edmonds, 1994: 105); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo

Deininger (Fuentes, 1998: 29; Horgan, 2008: 2968); Quezaltepeque (Edmonds, 1994: 105); San Salvador: San Salvador (Edmonds, 1994: 105) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 1976-1979, 1995-1997, 2013.

Months of collection: May, June, August, and October.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-1,005 m.

Comments: specimens were captured in baited pitfall traps in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung) (Fuentes, 1998) and Parque Nacional El Imposible (human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014).

Tribe Sisyphini Mulsant, 1842

Sisyphus Latreille, 1807

Sisyphus (Sisyphus) mexicanus Harold, 1863 Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (Hogan 2008;

Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2014: 46, 2021: 20;

Pablo-Cea et al., 2020: 6); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Horgan, 2008: 2968) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 2013, 2019.

Months of collection: May, August, and November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-780 m.

Comments: this species is rare in El Salvador. Only 3 specimens have been collected in the country, all in baited pitfall traps, 1 in Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (cow dung) (Horgan, 2008) and 2 in Parque Nacional El Imposible (human dung) (Pablo-Cea, 2014, 2021).

Subfamily Melolonthinae Leach, 1819 Tribe Diplotaxini Kirby, 1837 Diplotaxis Kirby, 1837 Diplotaxis angustula Moser, 1918

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Vaurie, 1960: 415); San Salvador: San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960: 415) (Fig. 12).

Years of collection: 2018-2019.

Months of collection: January, April-July, and September.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-900 m.

Comments: collected with UV light traps in Parque Nacional El Imposible.

Diplotaxis brevipilosa Moser, 1918

Distribution: Guatemala (Schoolmeesters, 2022) and El Salvador.

Locality records: Cabañas: Cinquera (RDCC) (Fig. 13).

Figure 13 Distribution maps for Diplotaxis brevipilosa, D. cavifrons, D. crinigera, D. denigrata, D. macrotarsus, D. mistura, D. ohausi, D. poropyge, D. puncticollis, and D. trapezifera in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 2001.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 385 m.

Comments: new country record.

Diplotaxis cavifrons Moser, 1918

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (RDCC) (Fig. 13).

Years of collection: 1999.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890 m.

Comments: new country record.

Diplotaxis crinigera Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960: 176); La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Vaurie, 1960: 176) (Fig. 13).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-1,190 m.

Diplotaxis denigrata Bates, 1889

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Vaurie, 1960: 419) (Fig. 13).

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,190 m. Diplotaxis macrotarsus Vaurie, 1960

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960: 422); La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Vaurie, 1960: 422) (Fig. 13).

Years of collection: 1957, 1958.

Months of collection: May and June.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-1,190 m.

Comments: some specimens were found in debris outside a leafcutter ant nest (Vaurie, 1960).

Diplotaxis mistura Vaurie, 1960

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378); Santa Ana: Metapán (Vaurie, 1960: 401); Parque Nacional Montecristo (La Torre, Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40); San Salvador: San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960: 401); Cabañas: Cinquera (RDCC); La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Vaurie, 1960: 423) (Fig. 13).

Years of collection: 1957-1958, 2000, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: January, April-July, and September.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 385-1,450 m.

Comments: collected with UV light traps in Parque Nacional El Imposible (Pablo-Cea, 2021). The species was described from specimens collected at lights in San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960).

Diplotaxis ohausi Moser, 1921

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Vaurie, 1960; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960: 177) (Fig. 13).

Years of collection: 1957-1958.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m. Diplotaxis pacata LeConte, 1856

Distribution: USA, Mexico, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Vaurie, 1960: 176).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Diplotaxis poropyge Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (EAPZ, RDCC); Chalatenango: Las Ceibas [probably Las Vueltas] (Vaurie, 1958: 392); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Vaurie, 1958: 392) (Fig. 13).

Years of collection: 1955, 1999-2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 710-780 m.

Comments:Vaurie (1958) examined 1 female collected at Servicios Técnicos Cafetalera, a locality unknown to us. Diplotaxis puncticollis Moser, 1918

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960: 177) (Fig. 13).

Years of collection: 1957-1958.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m. Diplotaxis trapezifera Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Vaurie, 1960; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960: 427); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Vaurie, 1960: 427) (Fig. 13).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685-720 m. Diplotaxis yucateca Vaurie, 1960

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, and Costa Rica (Vaurie, 1960; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Vaurie, 1960: 428); La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Vaurie, 1960: 428) (Fig. 14).

Figure 14 Distribution maps for Diplotaxis yucateca, Isonychus ocellatus, I. pictus, Macrodactylus costulatus, M. hondurensis, M. montanus, M. sericeicollis, Chlaenobia aequata, C. chiapensis, and C. latipes in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-1,190 m.

Tribe Hopliini Latreille, 1829

Hoplia Illiger, 1803

Hoplia (Hoplia) guatemalensis Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Berry, 1959b; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 40).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Tribe Macrodactylini Kirby, 1837 Isonychus Mannerheim, 1828 Isonychus ocellatus Burmeister, 1855

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Serrano-Chicas, 2019; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (La Torre, Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40) (Fig. 14).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: April.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,070-1,450 m.

Isonychus pictus Sharp, 1877

Distribution: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC) (Fig. 14).

Years of collection: 2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: new country record.

Macrodactylus Dejean, 1821 Macrodactylus costulatus Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Chalatenango: La Palma (Arce-Pérez, 2008: 55; Arce-Pérez & Morón, 2020: 572) (Fig. 14).

Years of collection: 1955.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,005 m.

Macrodactylus hondurensisArce-Pérez & Morón, 2005 Distribution: El Salvador and Honduras (Arce-Pérez & Morón, 2020; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Arce-Pérez & Morón, 2020: 575); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (EAPZ) (Fig. 14).

Years of collection: 1971, 1994.

Months of collection: May and July.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360-2,660 m.

Macrodactylus lineatus Chevrolat, 1834

Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (Berry, 1959b; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 47).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Macrodactylus montanusArce-Pérez & Morón 2000Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Arce-Pérez, 2008: 94); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40) (Fig. 14).

Years of collection: 1971, 2019.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890-2,020 m.

Macrodactylus sericeicollis Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Arce-Pérez, 2008: 115) (Fig. 14).

Years of collection: 1963.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 2,020 m.

Macrodactylus zunilensis Bates, 1887

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Arce-Pérez & Morón, 2020; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Arce-Pérez, 2008: 153).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Tribe Rhizotrogini Burmeister, 1855 Chlaenobia Blanchard, 1850 Chlaenobia aequata Bates, 1887

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Evans & Smith, 2009; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (EAPZ, RDCC); San Salvador: San Salvador (Morón, 2006: 37) (Fig. 14); no specific department: no specific locality (Morón, 1994: 71).

Years of collection: 1958, 1999-2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-780 m.

Comments: reported as Phyllophaga (Chlaenobia) aequata by Morón (2006).

Chlaenobia chiapensis Chapin, 1935

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Morón, 2006: 37) (Fig. 14).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: reported as Phyllophaga (Chlaenobia) chiapensis by Morón (2006).

Chlaenobia instabilis (Blackwelder, 1944)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Rivera-Gasperín & Morón, 2017).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Rivera-Gasperín & Morón, 2017: 606).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data. Chlaenobia latipes Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Evans, 2003; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Turín (Mendoza, 1994: 16); Sonsonate: Izalco (Mendoza, 1994: 16); Chalatenango: La Palma (Morón, 2006: 30); San Salvador: San Salvador (Morón, 2006: 37) (Fig. 14); no specific department: no specific locality (Andrews et al., 1979: 7).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: June and July.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 470-1,005 m.

Comments: reported as Phyllophaga (Chlaenobia) latipes by Morón (2006). The species is considered a part of the “gallina ciega” complex in cultivated corn in El Salvador, and it is associated with cultivated pineapple (Mendoza, 1994).

Chlaenobia scabripyga Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Rivera-Gasperín & Morón, 2017).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Evans & Smith, 2009: 128).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Comments: reported as Phyllophaga (Chlaenobia) scabripyga by Evans & Smith (2009).

Chlaenobia solanophaga (Morón, 1988) Distribution: El Salvador (Morón 1988).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40); Chalatenango: Las Pilas (Morón, 1988: 60) (Fig. 15).

Figure 15 Distribution maps for Chlaenobia solanophaga, C. tumulosa, C. vexata, Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) baneta, P. (P.) caraga, P. (P.) colimana, P. (P.) dasypoda, P. (P.) elenans, P. (P.) menetriesii, and P. (P.) setidorsis in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1978-1979, 1984, 1999, 2019.

Months of collection: February, March, April, May (adults), and July (immatures).

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 810-1,700 m.

Comments: described as Phyllophaga solanophaga by Morón (1988). Reported as Phyllophaga zunilensis (Bates) by King (1994), but Morón (1988) pointed out this species does not occur in El Salvador. The larvae are pests in cultivated potato (Morón, 1988; King, 1994). Chlaenobia solanophaga is precinctive to El Salvador.

Chlaenobia tumulosa Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Saunders et al., 1998; Evans & Smith, 2009; Rivera-Gasperín & Morón, 2017).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (RDCC); (Majaditas, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 40, 41); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); no specific department: no specific locality (Morón, 1994: 73) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: 1999-2000, 2019.

Months of collection: March-July.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-1,890 m.

Comments: reported as Phyllophaga (Chlaenobia) tumulosa by King (1994), Morón (1994), Evans & Smith (2009), and Serrano-Chicas (2019).

Chlaenobia vexata (Horn, 1885)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala (Rivera-Gasperín & Morón, 2017), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (RDCC) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: 1999.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890 m.

Comments: new country record.

Phyllophaga Harris, 1826

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) baneta Saylor, 1943 Distribution: Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua

(Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: 1999.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: new country record. Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) caraga Saylor, 1943

Distribution: El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Serrano-Chicas, 2019; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: March.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,070 m.

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) colimana (Moser, 1921) Distribution: Mexico (Schoolmeesters, 2022) and El Salvador.

Locality records: La Libertad: Volcán de San Salvador (El Boquerón) (EAPZ) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,845 m.

Comments: new country record.

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) dasypoda (Bates, 1888) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Atiquizaya (Mendoza, 1994: 16); Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC); San Salvador: San Salvador (EAPZ) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: 1978, 1999-2000.

Months of collection: February, and May-July.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 590-780 m.

Comments: the species is considered a part of the “gallina ciega” complex in cultivated corn in El Salvador (Mendoza, 1994).

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) elenans Saylor, 1938 Distribution: Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Ahuachapán: Atiquizaya (Mendoza, 1994: 16) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 590 m.

Comments: the species is considered a part of the “gallina ciega” complex in cultivated corn (Mendoza, 1994).

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) fulviventris (Moser, 1918) Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (King, 1994; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (King, 1994: 37; Morón, 1994: 71).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) menetriesii (Blanchard, 1851) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Atiquizaya (Mendoza, 1994: 16); Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (EAPZ, RDCC); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40); Sonsonate: Izalco (Mendoza, 1994: 16); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 62) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: 1999, 2019.

Months of collection: March-May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 470-1,070 m.

Comments: the species is considered a part of the “gallina ciega” complex in cultivated corn in El Salvador, and it is associated with cultivated pineapple (Mendoza, 1994).

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) parvisetis (Bates, 1888) Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Morón, 1994: 72; Saunders et al., 1998: 136).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) setidorsis (Bates, 1888) Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, and Costa Rica

(Evans, 2003; Serrano-Chicas, 2019).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40) (Fig. 15).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: March.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,070 m.

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) valeriana Saylor, 1934 Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Morón, 1994; Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39-40) (Fig. 16); no specific department: no specific locality (Morón, 1994: 72).

Figure 16 Distribution maps for Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) valeriana, P. (P.) vicina, P. (Phytalus) cometes, P. (P.) guatemala, P. (P.) obsoleta, P. (P.) pruinosa, P. (P.) punctuliceps, Callistethus granulipygus, C. multiplicatus, and Epectinaspis moreletiana in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: March and April.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,070 m.

Comments: reported as Phyllophaga sanjosicola by Saunders et al. (1998), Evans (2003), and Serrano-Chicas (2019).

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) vicina (Moser, 1918) Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua,

Costa Rica, and Panama (Mendoza, 1994; Schoolmeesters, 2022)

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Atiquizaya (Izcaquillo)

(Mendoza, 1994: 16); Turín (Mendoza, 1994: 16); San Salvador: San Salvador (Morón, 2006: 37) (Fig. 16).

Years of collection: 1958, 2019.

Months of collection: April-July.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 630-700 m.

Phyllophaga (Phyllophaga) yucateca (Bates, 1889) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Morón, 1994; Evans, 2003)

Locality records: no specific department: no specific

locality (Morón, 1994: 73).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Phyllophaga (Phytalus) cometes (Bates, 1887) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Serrano-Chicas, 2019; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40) (Fig. 16).

Years of collection: 1999, 2019.

Months of collection: March-May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-1,070 m. Phyllophaga (Phytalus) guatemala Saylor, 1940

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Morón, 2006: 37) (Fig. 16).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Phyllophaga (Phytalus) obsoleta Blanchard, 1851 Distribution: USA, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378); Santa Ana: Metapán (Morón, 2006: 30); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Morón, 2006: 30, 37); (La Torre, Los Planes, Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 39, 40); Chalatenango: La Palma (Morón, 2006: 30, 37); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Santa Tecla (Morón, 2006: 30); Volcán de San Salvador (El Boquerón) (Morón, 2006: 30); San Salvador: San Salvador (Morón, 2006: 29-30, 37); no specific department: no specific locality (Morón, 1994: 72) (Fig. 16).

Years of collection: 1958-1959, 1971, 1999-2000, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: March-May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 530-2,360 m.

Phyllophaga (Phytalus) pruinosa (Blanchard, 1851) Distribution: México, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Morón, 2018; Schoolmeesters, 2022; Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378) (Fig. 16).

Years of collection: 2018-2019.

Months of collection: April-September.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Phyllophaga (Phytalus) punctuliceps (Bates, 1888) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (RDCC) (Fig. 16).

Years of collection: 1999.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890 m.

Comments: new country record.

Subfamily Rutelinae MacLeay, 1819 Tribe Anomalini Streubel, 1839

Callistethus Blanchard, 1851 Callistethus granulipygus (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Berry, 1959b; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (RDCC) (Fig. 16); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 6).

Years of collection: 1999.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890 m.

Comments: the species was reported as Anomala granulipyga by Berry (1959b).

Callistethus multiplicatus Filippini, Galante, & Micó, 2015 Distribution: El Salvador and Costa Rica

(Schoolmeesters, 2022; Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378) (Fig. 16).

Years of collection: 2018-2019.

Months of collection: May-December.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Epectinaspis Blanchard, 1850

Epectinaspis moreletiana (Blanchard, 1850)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Sonsonate: Izalco (Los Guates Farm) (Paucar-Cabrera, 2003: 42); La Libertad: La Libertad (Paucar-Cabrera, 2003: 42); Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 44; Paucar-Cabrera, 2003: 42); San Salvador: Cerro San Jacinto (Paucar-Cabrera, 2003: 42); San Salvador (Paucar-Cabrera, 2003: 42) (Fig. 16).

Years of collection: 1951, 1974.

Months of collection: June and November.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 70-980 m.

Comments: reported as Epectinaspis quadripennis Casey by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957).

Moroniella Ramírez-Ponce, 2015

Moroniella nitidula nitidula (Blanchard, 1850) Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Santa Ana: Hacienda Las Brumas (Franz, 1955: 206); Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Franz, 1955: 206); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Franz, 1955: 206; Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 42); Volcán de Santa Ana (Franz, 1955: 206); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (EAPZ); Near Lempa Bridge (Road to La Palma) (Franz, 1955: 206) (Fig. 17).

Figure 17 Distribution maps for Moroniella nitidula nitidula, Strigoderma castor, S. mexicana, S. sulcipennis, Paranomala amphicoma, P. championi, P. cincta cincta, P. cupricollis, P. denticollis, and P. donovani in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1951-1952, 1979, 1994, 2018.

Months of collection: August, October, and November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 245-2,660 m.

Comments: reported as Anomala nitidula by Franz (1955).

Strigoderma Burmeister, 1844 Strigoderma castor (Newman, 1838)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47) (Fig. 17).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-900 m.

Comments: map 3 in Bader (1992, p. 328) shows 1 point that does not correlate with either of the 2 Salvadoran locality records known for the species.

Strigoderma mexicana Blanchard, 1850

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras (Berry, 1959b; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: LIBERTAD: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47; Bader, 1992: 327) (Fig. 17).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 900 m.

Comments: reported as S. mexicana and Strigodermella intermedia Casey by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), and Berry (1959b). Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) mentioned that the adults feed on rosebush. Map 2 in Bader (1992, p. 327) shows 2 points that do not correlate with the Salvadoran locality record known for the species. Strigoderma sulcipennis Burmeister, 1844

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Chalatenango: San Ignacio (1 km N Puente Julupa) (RDCC; Bader, 1992: 330); San Salvador: Parque Saburo Hirao (Río La Danta) (MUHNES; Bader, 1992: 330) (Fig. 17); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 80).

Years of collection: 1976-1979.

Months of collection: April and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley.

Elevation range: 700-1,060 m.

Paranomala Casey, 1915 Paranomala amphicoma (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: El Salvador and Panama (Franz, 1955; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Vicente: Volcán de San Vicente-Chinchontepec (Hacienda El Carmen) (Franz, 1955: 204) (Fig. 17).

Years of collection: 1951.

Months of collection: October.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 2,000 m.

Comments: the year of collection of the specimens is specified in Hincks (1953).

Paranomala championi (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Guatemala (Schoolmeesters, 2022) and El Salvador.

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC) (Fig. 17).

Years of collection: 1999, 2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: new country record.

Paranomala cincta cincta (Say, 1835)

Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Colombia (Berry, 1959a; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 43) (Fig. 17).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 900 m.

Comments: reported in the literature as Anomala cincta. Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) reported the adults are abundant in the first half-hour after sunset, after which they disappear. The same authors mentioned that the adults feed on rosebush and other ornamental plants. Berry (1959a) noted that host plants in El Salvador are “garden plants”.

Paranomala cupricollis (Chevrolat, 1834)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (EAPZ, RDCC); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 43); San Salvador: San Salvador (Franz, 1955: 204) (Fig. 17).

Years of collection: 1951, 1999-2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-900 m.

Comments: reported in the literature as Anomala cupricollis. The year of collection of the specimens from San Salvador is reported in Hincks (1953). Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), and Berry (1959a) mentioned that the species is common in the coffee plantations of El Salvador but is not harmful to the plants.

Paranomala denticollis (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Guatemala (Schoolmeesters, 2022) and El Salvador.

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC) (Fig. 17).

Years of collection: 1999, 2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: new country record. Paranomala donovani (Stephens, 1830)

Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Franz, 1955: 204) (Fig. 17).

Years of collection: 1951.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: the year of collection of the specimens is specified in Hincks (1953).

Paranomala eucoma (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Guatemala, Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: La Libertad: Santa Tecla (EAPZ) (Fig. 18).

Figure 18 Distribution maps for Paranomala eucoma, P. foraminosa, P. inconstans, P. ochrogastra, P. pincelada, P. plurisulcata, P. quiche, P. robiginosa, P. semicincta, and P. sticticoptera in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1976.

Months of collection: August.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 900 m.

Comments: new country record.

Paranomala flavilla (Bates, 1888)

Distribution: Mexico and El Salvador (Andrews et al., 1979; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Andrews et al., 1979: 7).

Years of collection: 1978.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Comments: reported as Anomala flavilla by Andrews et al. (1979).

Paranomala foraminosa (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Franz, 1955: 204); San Vicente: Volcán de San Vicente-Chinchontepec (Hacienda El Carmen) (Franz, 1955: 204) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: 1951.

Months of collection: April and June.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-2,000 m.

Comments: reported as Anomala cupricollis by Franz (1955). The year of collection of the specimens is reported in Hincks (1953).

Paranomala inconstans (Burmeister, 1844)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent & the Grenadines (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (EAPZ); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (MUHNES); San Salvador: San Salvador (Franz, 1955: 204); Cabañas: Tejutepeque (El Tamagás) (MUHNES); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (MUHNES); La Unión: La Unión (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 43) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: 1951, 1999-2001.

Months of collection: April and May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 30-810 m.

Comments: reported as Anomala inconstans by Franz (1955), Berry (1959b), and Saunders et al. (1998). Paranomala ochrogastra (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama (Serrano-Chicas, 2019; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 41, 42) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: April.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,070 m.

Paranomala pincelada (Filippini, Galante, & Micó, 2015) Distribution: El Salvador and Costa Rica (Serrano-Chicas, 2019; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21); Santa Ana: El Congo (RDCC); Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 41, 42); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21); San Salvador: San Salvador (RDCC) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: 1979, 2000, 2019.

Months of collection: April, May, and September-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-870 m. Paranomala plurisulcata (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Guatemala, Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Usulután: no specific locality (EAPZ) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

Comments: new country record.

Paranomala quiche (Ohaus, 1897)

Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Serrano-Chicas, 2019; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 41, 42) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: March.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,070 m.

Paranomala robiginosa (Filippini, Galante, & Micó, 2015)

Distribution: El Salvador and Costa Rica (Serrano-Chicas, 2019; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (La Torre, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 41, 42) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: April and May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-1,450 m. Paranomala semicincta (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: 2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: new country record. Paranomala sticticoptera (Blanchard, 1850)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (RDCC) (Fig. 18).

Years of collection: 1999-2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-1,890 m.

Comments: new country record. Paranomala testaceipennis (Blanchard, 1850)

Distribution: El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 42); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 43); San Salvador: San Salvador (Franz, 1955: 204) (Fig. 19).

Figure 19 Distribution maps for Paranomala testaceipennis, P. trapezifera, P. undulata undulata, P. veraecrucis, P. vicenti, Phalangogonia punctata, Leucothyreus femoratus, Chrysina karschi, C. pehlkei, and C. quetzalcoatli in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1952, 2019.

Months of collection: April, May, and November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-1,070 m.

Comments:Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) mentioned that the species is abundant at sunset. Berry (1959a) observed that the host plants in El Salvador are “garden plants” (rosebush [Rosa spp.] and other ornamental plants).

Paranomala trapezifera (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Vicente: Santa Cruz Porrillo (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 43) (Fig. 19).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 40 m.

Paranomala undulata undulata (Melsheimer, 1845) Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa

Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC) (Fig. 19).

Years of collection: 2000.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: new country record. Paranomala veraecrucis (Bates, 1887)

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 43) (Fig. 19).

Years of collection: 1951.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 900 m. Paranomala vicenti (Franz, 1955)

Distribution: El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Vicente: Volcán de San Vicente-Chinchontepec (Hacienda El Carmen) (Franz, 1955: 205) (Fig. 19).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: coastal mountains.

Topographic zone: 2,000 m.

Comments: named after the department and Volcán San Vicente (Chinchontepec). The species is precinctive to El Salvador.

Tribe Anoplognathini MacLeay, 1819 Phalangogonia Burmeister, 1844 Phalangogonia punctata Franz, 1955

Distribution: El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Franz, 1955: 207; Smith & Morón, 2003: 333-334) (Fig. 19). Years of collection: 1951. Months of collection: June. Topographic zone: northern mountains. Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Tribe Geniatini Burmeister, 1844 Leucothyreus MacLeay, 1819 Leucothyreus femoratus Burmeister, 1844

Distribution: Mexico, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Franz, 1955: 207; Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45) (Fig. 19).

Years of collection: 1951

Months of collection: February, April, and June.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Tribe Rutelini MacLeay, 1819

Chrysina Kirby, 1828

Chrysina karschi (Nonfried, 1891)

Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022)

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (López-Sorto & Sermeño-Chicas, 2013: 54); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (López-Sorto & Sermeño-Chicas, 2013: 54); La Montañona (López-Sorto & Sermeño-Chicas, 2013: 54) (Fig. 19).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,600-2,660 m.

Chrysina pehlkei (Ohaus, 1930)

Distribution: Guatemala and El Salvador (School-meesters, 2022)

Locality records: Chalatenango: La Montañona (López-Sorto & Sermeño-Chicas, 2013: 54) (Fig. 19).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,600 m. Chrysina quetzalcoatli (Morón, 1990)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022)

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (López-Sorto & Sermeño-Chicas, 2013: 54); (Los Planes) (MUHNES); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (MUHNES; López-Sorto & Sermeño-Chicas, 2013: 54); La Montañona (López-Sorto & Sermeño-Chicas, 2013: 54) (Fig. 19). Years of collection: 1976, 1999-2002.

Months of collection: May, October, and November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,600-2,660 m.

Cnemida Kirby, 1827 Cnemida aterrima Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (RDCC); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 44); Cuscatlán: no specific locality (Jameson, 1996: 290) (Fig. 20).

Figure 20 Distribution maps for Cnemida aterrima, Elcarmeniella striata, Heterosternus rodriguezi, Mesosternus halffteri, Parisolea pallida, P. pachytarsis, Pelidnota guatemalensis, P. notata, P. punctulata, and P. strigosa in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-900 m.

Elcarmeniella Franz, 1955 Elcarmeniella striata Franz, 1955

Distribution: Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (EAPZ, RDCC); San Vicente: Volcán de San Vicente-Chinchontepec (Hacienda El Carmen) (Franz, 1955: 203; Morón, 1987: 82) (Fig. 20).

Years of collection: 1951, 1999.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-2,000 m.

Comments: the specimens reported by Franz (1955) were taken in the same collection event in 1951 as the passalid specimens reported by Hincks (1953). The scientific name is based on El Carmen Farm, the type locality (Franz, 1955).

Heterosternus Dupont, 1832 Heterosternus rodriguezi Candèze, 1869

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Morón, 1983: 40); (Los Planes) (MUHNES) (Fig. 20).

Years of collection: 1971, 2002.

Months of collection: May and June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,890-2,360 m.

Comments: the year 1971 and month of May are specified in Howden & Peck (1972).

Macraspis MacLeay, 1819

Macraspis aterrima (Waterhouse, 1881)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Morón & Paucar-Cabrera, 2003: 474).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data.

MesosternusMorón, 1987 Mesosternus halffteriMorón, 1987

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Morón & Howden, 1992: 18) (Fig. 20).

Years of collection: 1971.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: specimens were captured at blacklight in Parque Nacional Montecristo about 20:00 hrs in a light rain (Morón & Howden, 1992).

Parisolea Bates, 1888

Parisolea pallida (Candèze, 1869)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Ecuador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Delgado et al., 2006: 95); San Salvador: San Salvador (Delgado et al., 2006: 95) (Fig. 20).

Years of collection: 1991.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley.

Elevation range: 685-1,890 m. Parisolea pachytarsis (Morón, 1987)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Morón & Howden, 1992: 18-19) (Bosque Nebuloso, La Torre, Los Planes, Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 42); San Salvador: San Salvador (Morón, 1987: 73) (Fig. 20).

Years of collection: 1953, 1971, 1999, 2019.

Months of collection: March-May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley.

Elevation range: 685-2,360 m.

Comments: specimens were captured at a blacklight in Parque Nacional Montecristo about 20:00 hrs in a light rain (Morón & Howden, 1992) and at a mercury vapor lamp (R. D. Cave, personal observation).

Pelidnota MacLeay, 1819

Pelidnota guatemalensis Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: Sonsonate: Izalco (Los Guates Farm) (MUHNES); Cabañas: Tejutepeque (El Tamagás) (MUHNES); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (MUHNES); La Unión: Isla Martín Pérez (MUHNES) (Fig. 20).

Years of collection: 1974, 2000-2001.

Months of collection: May, August, September, and November.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 25-700 m.

Comments: new country record.

Pelidnota notata Blanchard, 1851

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador (Schoolmeesters, 2022), and El Salvador.

Locality records: San Salvador: Ruinas de Cihuatán (MUHNES) (Fig. 20).

Years of collection: 1978.

Months of collection: September.

Topographic zone: interior Valley.

Elevation range: 325 m.

Comments: new country record.

Pelidnota punctulata Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (EAPZ, RDCC); (San Francisco Menéndez) (MUHNES); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (MUHNES); La Libertad: Los Chorros (RDCC); Quezaltepeque (Hardy, 1975: 21; Moore et al., 2017: 246); San Salvador: San Salvador (Franz, 1955: 203; Hardy, 1975: 21; Moore et al., 2017: 246); Cuscatlán: San Cristóbal (Hardy, 1975: 21); Usulután: Nancuchiname (MUHNES); Morazán: Cerro Cacahuatique (MUHNES) (Fig. 20); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 60).

Years of collection: 1951-1952, 1977-1979, 1999-2001.

Months of collection: April-September.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 15-1,400 m.

Comments: the specimens reported by Franz (1955) were taken in the same collection event in 1951 as the passalid specimens reported by Hincks (1953).

Pelidnota strigosa Laporte, 1840

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (J. Pablo, personal observation); Santa Ana: Lago de Coatepeque (Hardy, 1975: 20; Moore et al., 2017: 263); Flor Amarilla (Abajo) (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 46; Hardy, 1975: 20; Moore et al., 2017: 263); Parque Nacional Montecristo (MUHNES); (San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 42); La Libertad: Los Chorros (RDCC); Quezaltepeque (Hardy, 1975: 20; Moore et al., 2017: 263); Santa Tecla (Franz, 1955: 203); San Salvador: Lago de Ilopango (Hardy, 1975: 20; Moore et al., 2017: 263); San Salvador (Franz, 1955: 204); Cuscatlán: San Cristóbal (Border Station) (Hardy, 1975: 20; Moore et al., 2017: 263); La Unión: La Unión (Hardy, 1975: 20; Moore et al., 2017: 263) (Fig. 20).

Years of collection: 1950, 1976-1979, 2013, 2019.

Months of collection: April, and July-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 30-900 m.

Comments: the specimens reported by Franz (1955) were taken in the same collection event in 1951 as the passalid specimens reported by Hincks (1953). Hardy (1975) reported examining material from “Flor Amaysta Ana”. It is assumed that the place is Flor Amarilla (Abajo), in Santa Ana (“...sta Ana” in abbreviation). Berry & Salazar (1957) reported the species in the same place. Hardy (1975) also reported specimens collected at “Lunada Beach”, a locality unknown to us. Berry & Salazar (1957) and Berry (1959a) mentioned that the species is common in coffee plantations of El Salvador but is not harmful to the plants. Pelidnota virescens Burmeister, 1844

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Berry 1959a; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Flor Amarilla (Abajo) (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 46); La Libertad: San Andrés (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 46); Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 46) (Fig. 21).

Figure 21 Distribution maps for Pelidnota virescens, Spodistes mniszechi, S. monzoni, Ancognatha sellata, Aspidolea fuliginea, A. singularis, Cyclocephala amblyopsis, C. complanata, C. confusa, and C. deceptor in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 475-900 m.

Comments:Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), and Berry (1959a) mentioned that the species is common in cultivated coffee and corn in El Salvador but is not harmful to the plants.

Subfamily Dynastinae MacLeay, 1819 Tribe Agaocephalini Burmeister, 1847 Spodistes Burmeister, 1847 Spodistes mniszechi (Thomson, 1860)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 353); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (MUHNES); (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 354); Chalatenango: La Montañona (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 353); San Ignacio (MUHNES); La Libertad: Los Chorros (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 353); San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 353); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 353); San Salvador: Cerro San Jacinto (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 354); San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 354); La Paz: Santiago Nonualco (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 353); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 353) (Fig. 21).

Years of collection: 1959, 1976, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 160-2,360 m. Spodistes monzoni Warner, 1992

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo [probably San José Ingenio] (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 355; Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); San Salvador: San Salvador (Warner, 1992: 378; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 355); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 355); La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 355) (Fig. 21).

Years of collection: 1960, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: April and May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 665-1,190 m.

Tribe Cyclocephalini Laporte, 1840 Ancognatha Erichson, 1847 Ancognatha sellata Arrow, 1911

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 49); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 49; Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38) (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 49); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 49); San Salvador: Hacienda Los Planes (UNSM) (Fig. 21).

Years of collection: 1972-1975, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: March-October, and December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 720-2,660 m.

Aspidolea Bates, 1888

Aspidolea fuliginea (Burmeister 1847)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Argentina (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (La Fincona) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 53); (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 53); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 53); Cuscatlán: Cojutepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 53); San José Guayabal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 53) (Fig. 21).

Years of collection: 1997-2002, 2018.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 560-1,070 m.

Aspidolea singularis Bates, 1888

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, and Peru (Schoolmeesters, 2022)

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (La Fincona) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54); (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54; Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); La Libertad: Los Chorros (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54); Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54); Zapotitán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54); Zacamil (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 54) (Fig. 21).

Years of collection: 1961, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 480-1,890 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported specimens collected in San Antonio Chávez in San Salvador, but this locality is unknown to us.

Cyclocephala Dejean, 1821 Cyclocephala amblyopsis Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 74); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); La Libertad: Puerto de La Libertad (Romero-Nápoles, 2021) (Fig. 21).

Years of collection: 1997-2002, 2018.

Months of collection: January, and March-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 30-1,070 m. Cyclocephala complanata Burmeister, 1847

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 89); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (La Torre, Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 89); Chalatenango: San Ignacio (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 89) (Fig. 21); no specific department: no specific locality (Ratcliffe & Morón, 1997: 59).

Years of collection: 1979, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: April-September.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-1,890 m. Cyclocephala confusa Endrödi, 1966

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Peru (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 94); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 94) (Fig. 21).

Years of collection: 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: April-September.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 665-1,070 m.

Comments: reported as Cyclocephala confunsa [sic] by Serrano-Chicas (2019).

Cyclocephala curta Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022)

Locality records: no specific department: no specific locality (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 99).

Years of collection: 1999.

Months of collection: March.

Topographic zone: no data.

Elevation range: no data. Cyclocephala deceptor (Casey, 1915)

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100; Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378); Santa Ana: Coatepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Metapán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Sonsonate: Volcán de Izalco (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Chalatenango: San Ignacio (MUHNES); La Libertad: La Libertad (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Los Chorros (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); San Salvador: Aguilares (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Cerro San Jacinto (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Puerta del Diablo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); San Salvador (Alta María, Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Tonacatepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); La Paz: San Luis [Talpa] (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); San Vicente: San Cayetano Istepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 100); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 79) (Fig. 21).

Years of collection: 1957-1958, 1964, 1970-1979, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: January-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-1,890 m.

Comments: reported as Stigmalia cuernavacana Casey by Berry (1959b).

Cyclocephala freudei Endrödi, 1963

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Ecuador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 108); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 108) (Fig. 22).

Figure 22 Distribution maps for Cyclocephala freudei, C. gravis, C. lunulata, C. mafaffa, C. melanocephala, C. melolonthida, C. multiplex, C. ovulum, C. sexpunctata, and C. sparsa in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1959, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: June and July.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685-720 m. Cyclocephala gravis Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Brazil, and Bolivia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo)

(Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 111); Cerro Cacahuatique

(Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 111) (Fig. 22).

Years of collection: 1997-2002.

Months of collection: January, March-October, and December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 665-1,400 m. Cyclocephala lunulata Burmeister, 1847

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (La Fincona, San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo [probably San José Ingenio] (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122; Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); Santa Ana (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 378); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Zapotitán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); San Salvador: Cuscatancingo (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 44; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Delgado (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Tejutepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Usulután: Cerro El Tigre (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Cerro Cacahuatique (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); La Unión: Playa El Icacal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122); Volcán de Conchagua (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 122) (Fig. 22).

Years of collection: 1971-1978, 1997-2002, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 15-1,580 m.

Comments:Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) mentioned that adults perforate orange fruits (Citrus sp.), which allows fungi to enter. The species is considered a part of the “gallina ciega” complex in cultivated corn in El Salvador (Berry, 1959b; Andrews et al., 1979; Mendoza, 1996).

Cyclocephala mafaffa Burmeister, 1847

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Ecuador, Brazil, and Guadeloupe (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 127; Pablo-Cea, 2021: 21; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 378); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 127); (San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); Santa Ana (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 127); Chalatenango: La Montañona (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 127); San Salvador: San Salvador (Berry &Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 44); Usulután: Cerro El Tigre (UNSM; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 127); Usulután (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 127); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 127); Cerro Cacahuatique (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 127) (Fig. 22).

Years of collection: 1972-1979, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 80-1,890 m.

Comments: reported as Cyclocephala mefaffa [sic] in Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957).

Cyclocephala melanocephala (Fabricius, 1775) Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (La Fincona) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130); (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130); Chalatenango: La Montañona (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130); La Libertad: La Libertad (CMNC); Los Chorros (CMNC); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130); Río Agua Caliente (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130); San Salvador: San Salvador (CMNC); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130); Cerro Cacahuatique (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 130) (Fig. 22).

Years of collection: 1959-1960, 1971-1979, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: January-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 70-1,890 m.

Cyclocephala melolonthida Ratcliffe & Cave, 2002

Distribution: Guatemala and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Paz: Playa Costa del Sol (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2002: 153, 2006: 132) (Fig. 22). Years of collection: 1976.

Months of collection: November.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5 m.

Cyclocephala multiplex Casey, 1915

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Santa Ana (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 134); La Libertad: El Barillo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 134); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 134); San Salvador: San Antonio Abad (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 134); San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 134); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 134) (Fig. 22).

Years of collection: 1972, 1976-1979, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 665-900 m. Cyclocephala ovulum Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 140); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 140); Zapotitán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 140); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 140); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 140) (Fig. 22).

Years of collection: 1997-2002.

Months of collection: All year, except January and March.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 25-900 m. Cyclocephala sexpunctata Laporte, 1840

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Morazán: Cerro Cacahuatique

(Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 154) (Fig. 22).

Years of collection: 2001.

Months of collection: July.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,400 m.

Comments: although relatively common in Honduras and Nicaragua, only 1 specimen from El Salvador was reported by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006).

Cyclocephala sparsa Arrow, 1902

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 158); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 158); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 158); Morazán: Cerro Cacahuatique (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 158) (Fig. 22).

Years of collection: 1997-2002.

Months of collection: January, April-September, and December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 385-1,400 m. Cyclocephala stictica Burmeister, 1847

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional

Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38);

Chalatenango: La Montañona (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 162); La Libertad: Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger

(Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 162); Cabañas: Tejutepeque

(Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 162); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 162) (Fig. 23).

Figure 23 Distribution maps for Cyclocephala stictica, C. weidneri, Dyscinetus dubius, D. laevipunctatus, Stenocrates bicarinatus, S. canuli, Dynastes maya, Golofa (Mixigenus) tersander, G. (Golofa) pizarro, and Megasoma elephas in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: January, and March-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-1,600 m.

Cyclocephala weidneri Endrödi, 1964

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 167) (Fig. 23).

Years of collection: 1976.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: although relatively common in Honduras and Nicaragua, only 3 specimens from El Salvador were reported by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006).

Dyscinetus Harold, 1869 Dyscinetus dubius (Olivier, 1789)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Cuba (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Ahuachapán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); San Miguelito (MUHNES); Zanjón El Chino (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); Santa Ana: Metapán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); Parque Nacional Güija (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); Parque Nacional Los Andes (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); La Libertad: El Barillo (MUHNES); Zapotitán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); Cuscatlán: Suchitoto (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 171) (Fig. 23).

Years of collection: 1963-1964, 1973-1977, 1986, 1994, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5-805 m. Dyscinetus laevipunctatus Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 173); Zanjón El Chino (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 173); La Libertad: San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 173); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 173) (Fig. 23).

Years of collection: 1950, 1976-1979, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: All year, except September.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5-1,730 m.

Stenocrates Burmeister, 1847 Stenocrates bicarinatus Robinson, 1947

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, and Peru (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 181) (Fig. 23). Years of collection: 1963.

Months of collection: October.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: although relatively common in Honduras and Nicaragua, only 1 specimen from El Salvador was reported by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006).

Stenocrates canuli Delgado, 1991

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 182) (Fig. 23). Years of collection: no data. Months of collection: no data. Topographic zone: interior valley. Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: although relatively common in Honduras, only 1 specimen from El Salvador was reported by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006), with no specified year and month of collection.

Tribe Dynastini MacLeay, 1819 Dynastes MacLeay, 1819 Dynastes maya Hardy, 2003

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (López-Sorto et al., 2014; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Chalatenango: Cerro Malcotal (López-Sorto et al., 2014: 43) (Fig. 23).

Years of collection: 2011.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,190 m.

Comments: 3 adult specimens were collected as they apparently fed on decaying wood (López-Sorto et al., 2014).

Golofa Hope, 1837

Golofa (Mixigenus) tersander Burmeister, 1847 Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 380) (Fig. 23). Years of collection: no data. Months of collection: no data. Topographic zone: interior valley. Elevation range: 475 m.

Comments: only 1 specimen is known from El Salvador, with no specified year and month of collection (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006).

Golofa (Golofa) pizarro Hope, 1837

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Los Andes (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 374); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 374) (Los Planes) (MUHNES); Chalatenango: Las Pilas (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 374); La Libertad: San Juan Opico (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 374) (Fig. 23).

Years of collection: 1975-1979, 1988, 1999.

Months of collection: July-September.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 480-1,890 m.

Comments: although relatively common in Honduras, only 7 specimens from El Salvador were reported by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006).

Megasoma Kirby, 1825

Megasoma elephas (Fabricius, 1775)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Concepción de Ataco (MUHNES); Parque Nacional El Imposible (Cerro Campana) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379) (San Francisco Menéndez) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Los Andés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); Sonsonate: Sonsonate (MUHNES); La Libertad:

San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); San Vicente: San Vicente (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); La Unión: Isla Zacatillo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 381); no specific department: no specific locality (Berry, 1959b: 49) (Fig. 23).

Years of collection: 1969, 1973-1975, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 110-1,890 m.

Tribe Oryctini Mulsant, 1842

Coelosis Hope, 1837

Coelosis (Eucoelosis) biloba (Linnaeus, 1767) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Paraguay (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 245); La Libertad: Teotepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 245) (Fig. 24).

Figure 24 Distribution maps for Coelosis (Eucoelosis) biloba, Enema endymion, Heterogomphus (Heterogomphus) chevrolatii, H. (Daemonoplus) flohri, Irazua dilicra, Podischnus agenor, Strategus aloeus, S. hipposiderus, S. jugurtha, and Xyloryctes ensifer in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1998-1999.

Months of collection: April and August.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 520-780 m.

Comments: only 2 specimens from El Salvador were reported by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006).

Enema Hope, 1837

Enema endymion Chevrolat, 1843

Distribution: Mexico, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil, and Bolivia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 248); Santa Ana: El Congo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 249); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas, San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); Planes del Ranchador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 249); Santa Ana (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 248); La Libertad: San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 249); Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 44; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 249); Volcán de San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 249); San Salvador: Aguilares (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 249); Guazapa (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 249); San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 249); Cuscatlán: San José Guayabal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 248) (Fig. 24).

Years of collection: 1964, 1975-1979, 1983, 1988, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: All year, except October.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 300-1,845 m.

Heterogomphus Burmeister, 1847

Heterogomphus (Heterogomphus) chevrolatii Burmeister, 1847

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 255); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (MUHNES); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 255); San Miguel: Moncagua (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 255); Morazán: Cerro Cacahuatique (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 255); Yamabal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 255) (Fig. 24).

Years of collection: 1978, 1979, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: All year, except October.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley.

Elevation range: 245-2,660 m.

Heterogomphus (Daemonoplus) flohri (Kolbe, 1906) Distribution: Mexico, Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Ratcliffe et al., 2013). Locality records: Morazán: Cerro Cacahuatique (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 258) (Fig. 24).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: July.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 1,400 m.

Comments: only 2 specimens from El Salvador were reported by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006), who misidentified them as Heterogomphus mniszechi (Thomson).

Irazua Ratcliffe, 2003

Irazua dilicra Ratcliffe, 2003

Distribution: El Salvador and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 258) (Fig. 24). Years of collection: no data. Months of collection: May. Topographic zone: coastal mountains. Elevation range: 900 m.

Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 Podischnus agenor (Olivier, 1789)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, and Peru (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Chalchuapa (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 269); La Libertad: Los Chorros (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 269); Quezaltepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 269); San Andrés (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 269); San Juan Opico (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 269); Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 269); San Salvador: Aguilares (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 269) (Fig. 24).

Years of collection: 1961, 1969, 1977-1978, 1986, 1997-2001.

Months of collection: April-September.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 300-900 m.

Comments:Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), and Berry (1959a) stated that the species causes little damage to corn and sugarcane in El Salvador.

Strategus Hope, 1837

Strategus aloeus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and Grenada (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Guaymango (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274; Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso); (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Santa Ana (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Sonsonate: Sonsonate (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Chalatenango: La Montañona (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); La Libertad: El Barillo (MUHNES); La Libertad (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Los Chorros (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 379); San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Sitio del Niño (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); San Salvador: Aguilares (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Cerro San Jacinto (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Ilopango (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Parque Saburo Hirao (MUHNES); Puerta del Diablo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); San Salvador (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Santo Tomás (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Zacamil (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Cuscatlán: Cojutepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); El Rosario (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47); San José Guayabal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); San Pedro Perulapán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); La Paz: Ichanmichen (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); San Juan Talpa (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Cabañas: Sensuntepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); San Vicente: San Vicente (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Santa Cruz Porrillo (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47); Usulután: Usulután (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 274) (Fig. 24).

Years of collection: 1958, 1964, 1972-1991, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: All year, except October.

Topographic zone: northern mountain, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-2,360 m.

Comments: reported as Strategus julianus Burmeister by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957).

Strategus hipposiderus Ratcliffe, 1976

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 279); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38) (Fig. 24).

Years of collection: 1999, 2019.

Months of collection: April and August.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-1,070 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only 1 specimen from El Salvador. Serrano-Chicas (2019) captured only 1 specimen, too.

Strategus jugurtha Burmeister, 1847

Distribution: Mexico, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,

Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and

Peru (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Ahuachapán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo [probably San José Ingenio] (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282; Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); La Libertad: El Barillo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); La Libertad (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 379); San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Sitio del Niño (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Zapotitán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); San Salvador: Aguilares (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); San Salvador (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Santo Tomás (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Cuscatlán: Cojutepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Suchitoto (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); San Vicente: Volcán de San Vicente-Chinchontepec (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Usulután: California (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Estanzuelas (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Usulután (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); La Unión: La Unión (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282); Volcán de Conchagua (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 282) (Fig. 24). Years of collection: 1964, 1971-1993, 1997-2001, 2019. Months of collection: March-September. Topographic zone: northern mountain, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain. Elevation range: 30-2,000 m.

Xyloryctes Hope, 1837

Xyloryctes ensifer Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo [probably Los Planes] (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 288); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (MUHNES); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 288) (Fig. 24).

Years of collection: 1975, 1978, 1979.

Months of collection: March and May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley.

Elevation range: 685-2,660 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only 6 specimens collected in El Salvador.

Xyloryctes lobicollis Bates, 1888

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (School-meesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); Santa Ana; Parque Nacional Los Andes (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes, San José Ingenio) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); La Libertad: San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); San Salvador: Cuscatancingo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); San Salvador (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 47; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); Sensuntepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 290); La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (MUHNES) (Fig. 25).

Figure 25 Distribution maps for Xyloryctes lobicollis, Euetheola bidentata, E. humilis, Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, L. (L.) sallaei, L. (L.) fossor, Orizabus clunalis, O. teamscaraborum, Proculigyrus cicatricosus, and Tomarus bituberculatus in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1973-1979, 1985, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: March-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 385-1,890 m.

Tribe Pentodontini Mulsant, 1842 Euetheola Bates, 1888

Euetheola bidentata (Burmeister, 1847)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Atiquizaya (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 197); Santa Ana: Candelaria de la Frontera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 197); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 197); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 197); San Vicente: Santa Cruz Porrillo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 197); Santo Domingo (FSCA); Usulután: Nancuchiname (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 197) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 1958-1969, 1978-1979, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: All year, except February and April.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 15-900 m.

Comments:Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) mentioned that adults feed on the leaves and stems of corn plants but cause little damage to the crop.

Euetheola humilis (Burmeister, 1847)

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (CMNC) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 1959.

Months of collection: July.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685 m.

Comments: new country record.

Ligyrus Casey, 1915

Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei Bates, 1888

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 33); (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 238; Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Los Andes (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 238); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 238); Chalatenango: La Montañona (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 238); La Libertad: San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 238); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 238); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 238; Tejutepeque (El Tamagás) (MUHNES); Morazán: Cerro Cacahuatique (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 238); Yamabal (MUHNES); La Unión: Isla Martín Pérez (MUHNES); no specific department: no specific locality (Ratcliffe & Morón, 1997: 74) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 1963, 1977-1978, 1994, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: March-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountain, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-1,890 m.

Comments: reported as Tomarus sallaei by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006), Pablo-Cea (2021), and Pablo-Cea et al. (2022).

Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutusLópez-García & Deloya, 2022

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Jamaica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Atiquizaya (Izcaquillo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Guaymango (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 38); (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); (San José Ingenio) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237; Sonsonate: Sonsonate (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); La Libertad: El Barillo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); El Playón (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 38); La Libertad (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); San Andrés (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); San Diego (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 38); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Zapotitán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Zaragoza (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); San Salvador: Parque Saburo Hirao (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 38); San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Cuscatlán: Cojutepeque (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); San Pedro Perulapán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); La Paz: San Luis Talpa (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 38); Zacatecoluca (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); Ilobasco (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 38); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237); La Unión: La Unión (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 237) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 1952, 1964, 1972-1979, 1983-1990, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountain, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 15-1,890 m.

Comments: reported as Tomarus nassutus [sic] by Serrano-Chicas (2019) and as Tomarus nasutus by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), Berry (1959a), and Ratcliffe and Cave (2006). Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), and Berry (1959a) mentioned that the species is harmful to cultivated lettuce in El Salvador. López-García and Deloya (2022) examined specimens from La Paz: Caprex, a locality unknown to us.

Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor (Latreille, 1813)

Distribution: El Salvador, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Antigua & Barbuda, and Curaçao (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (MUHNES); (San Francisco Menéndez) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 228); La Unión: Isla Martín Pérez (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 228) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 2001.

Months of collection: July and September.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 40-780 m.

Comments: reported as Tomarus fossor in Ratcliffe and Cave (2006), who reported only 3 specimens from El Salvador.

Orizabus Fairmaire, 1878 Orizabus clunalis (LeConte, 1856)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 208; Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: March and April.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360 m.

Comments: reported as Orizabus clunaris [sic] by Serrano-Chicas (2019). Only 1 specimen from El Salvador was reported by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006), with no specified year and month of collection. Serrano-Chicas (2019) collected 4 specimens in the cloud forest of Parque Nacional Montecristo.

Orizabus teamscaraborumRatcliffe & Cave, 2006 Distribution: El Salvador and Honduras (School-meesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Bosque Nebuloso) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 215); Chalatenango: Cerro El Pital (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 215) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 1960, 1971, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: February, April-July, and October.

Topographic zone: northern mountains.

Elevation range: 2,360-2,660 m.

Proculigyrus López-García & Deloya, 2022 Proculigyrus cicatricosus (Prell, 1937)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Colombia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 225); San Miguelito (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 22); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 22) (Bosque Nebuloso, Cerro Miramundo) (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 22); [probably San José Ingenio] (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 225); Metapán (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 22); La Libertad: El Barillo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 225); San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 225); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 225); San Salvador: San Salvador (López-García & Deloya, 2022: 22) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 1952, 1975-1980, 1997-2002.

Months of collection: February, March, May-July, and September-December.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 475-2,360 m.

Comments: reported as Tomarus cicatricosus by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006).

Tomarus Erichson, 1847

Tomarus bituberculatus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1811) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (La Fincona, San Benito) (MUHNES); San Miguelito (MUHNES); Santa Ana: Metapán (MUHNES); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes, San José Ingenio) (MUHNES); San Salvador: Parque Saburo Hirao (MUHNES); San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 221); (Scandia) (MUHNES); Cuscatlán: Área Natural Protegida Colima (Cerrón Grande) (MUHNES); San Vicente: no specific locality (MUHNES); La Unión: no specific locality (MUHNES) (Fig. 25).

Years of collection: 1964, 1972-1977.

Months of collection: May, June, August, and November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 305-1,890 m.

Tomarus discrepans (Escalona & Joly, 2006) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela (López-García & Deloya 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Santa Ana (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 229); La Libertad: San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 228); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 228); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 228); Usulután: Usulután (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 228) (Fig. 26).

Figure 26 Distribution maps for Tomarus discrepans, T. laevicollis, Goniophileurus femoratus, Hemiphileurus cylindroides, H. euniceae, H. laevicauda, Homophileurus luedeckei, H. quadrituberculatus, H. tricuspis, and Phileurus didymus in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1952, 1975-1979.

Months of collection: April, September, October, and December.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 80-900 m.

Comments: reported as Tomarus gyas Erichson by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006). Although the species is common in Honduras, Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only 6 specimens from El Salvador.

Tomarus laevicollis (Bates, 1888)

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Paz: Playa Costa del Sol (MUHNES); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 232) (Fig. 26).

Years of collection: 2001.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5-25 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only 1 specimen from El Salvador.

Tribe Phileurini Burmeister, 1847

Goniophileurus Kolbe, 1910

Goniophileurus femoratus (Burmeister, 1847)

Distribution: Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 308); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 308) (Fig. 26).

Years of collection: 1999, 2001.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 665-780 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only 2 specimens from El Salvador.

Hemiphileurus Kolbe, 1910 Hemiphileurus cylindroides (Bates, 1888)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Cuscatlán: Suchitoto (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 314) (Fig. 26).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: September.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 385 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only 1 specimen from El Salvador.

Hemiphileurus euniceae Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006 Distribution: Guatemala and El Salvador

(Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: Soyapango (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 317) (Fig. 26). Years of collection: 1999. Months of collection: June. Topographic zone: interior valley. Elevation range: 610 m.

Comments: only 1 specimen from El Salvador is known (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006). Hemiphileurus laevicauda (Bates, 1888)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (MUHNES); Santa Ana: Santa Ana (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 318); Chalatenango: San Ignacio (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 318); San Salvador: Parque Saburo Hirao (MUHNES); San Vicente: Apastepeque (Poza Azul) (MUHNES) (Fig. 26).

Years of collection: 1977-1979, 1998.

Months of collection: March, May, and June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 500-1,060 m.

Homophileurus Kolbe, 1910 Homophileurus luedeckei Kolbe, 1910

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 327); San Miguelito (near the ecotone of Parque Nacional El Imposible) (E. Sandoval, personal communication) (Fig. 26).

Years of collection: 1979, 2013.

Months of collection: June and November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 725-800 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only a single specimen from El Salvador. Eliberto Sandoval collected a specimen in November 2013 (E. Sandoval, personal communication).

Homophileurus quadrituberculatus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Grenada (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 328); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (MUHNES) (Fig. 26).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-1,890 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only a single specimen from El Salvador, with no specified year and month of collection.

Homophileurus tricuspis Prell, 1914

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 331) (Fig. 26).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 385 m.

Comments:Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) reported only 1 specimen from El Salvador, with no specified year of collection.

Phileurus Latreille, 1807

Phileurus didymus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Apaneca (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337; Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); Santa Ana: El Congo (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Majaditas) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); (San José Ingenio) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337; Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); Sonsonate: Sonsonate (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); Chalatenango: Chalatenango (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); La Libertad: Los Chorros (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); San Andrés (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); Zapotitán (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337); Cabañas: Cinquera (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 337) (Fig. 26).

Years of collection: 1959, 1969, 1974, 1987, 1994, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 225-1,475 m.

Phileurus valgus (Olivier, 1789)

Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, St. Kitts & Nevis, Antigua & Barbuda, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Barbados, and Grenada (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 342; Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 342); (San José Ingenio) (Serrano-Chicas, 2019: 37, 38); Santa Ana (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 342); La Libertad; Parque Nacional Walther Thilo Deininger (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 342); San Salvador: Ilopango (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 342); San Salvador (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 342); San Miguel: Laguna El Jocotal (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 342); Morazán: Arambala (Río Sapo) (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006: 342) (Fig. 27).

Figure 27 Distribution maps for Phileurus valgus, Euphoria avita, E. biguttata, E. canescens, E. dimidiata, E. geminata, E. iridescens, E. lesueuri, E. pulchella, and E. yucateca in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 1977, 1988, 1997-2002, 2019.

Months of collection: All year.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 25-1890 m.

Comments: reported as Phileurus valgas [sic] by Serrano-Chicas (2019).

Subfamily Cetoniinae Leach, 1815 Tribe Cetoniini Leach, 1815 Euphoria Burmeister, 1842 Euphoria avita Janson, 1881

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Cerro Verde (Orozco, 2012: 62); Parque Nacional Los Andes (Orozco, 2012: 62); Chalatenango: La Palma (Orozco, 2012: 62) (Fig. 27).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: May and June.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-2,020 m.

Comments: in Parque Nacional El Imposible, specimens were captured with aerial traps baited with fermented fruit (Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Euphoria biguttata (Gory & Percheron, 1833) Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Orozco, 2012: 18); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Orozco, 2012: 18) (Fig. 27).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 685-720 m.

Euphoria canescens (Gory & Percheron, 1833) Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El

Salvador, and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible [probably San Benito] (Orozco, 2012: 19);

Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45) (Fig. 27).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: November.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 720-780 m.

Euphoria dimidiata (Gory & Percheron, 1833) Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

and Honduras (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: 5 km NE of San Francisco Menéndez (Orozco, 2012: 21); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Orozco, 2012: 21); San Salvador: San Salvador (TAMU); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45; Orozco, 2012: 21); San Miguel: La Ceiba (Orozco, 2012: 21) (Fig. 27).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: November.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 170-900 m. Euphoria geminata (Chevrolat, 1834)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Candelaria [de la Frontera]

(Orozco, 2012: 77); Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (MUHNES); Sonsonate: Izalco (Los Guates Farm) (MUHNES); Sonsonate (Orozco, 2012: 77); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Orozco, 2012: 77); San Salvador: Cerro San Jacinto (MUHNES); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45; Orozco, 2012: 77); La Paz: Mercedes La Ceiba (Orozco, 2012: 77) (Fig. 27).

Years of collection: 1972, 1974-1976.

Months of collection: May and November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 225-1,890 m. Euphoria iridescens (Schaum, 1841)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379) (Fig. 27).

Years of collection: 2018, 2019.

Months of collection: February, and April-September.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Comments: adults were captured in aerial traps baited with fermented fruit, and 1 adult was found in a pitfall trap baited with human dung (Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Euphoria lesueuri (Gory & Percheron, 1833) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,

Honduras, and Nicaragua (Schoolmeesters, 2022). Locality records: Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (San José Ingenio) (Orozco, 2012: 55); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Orozco, 2012: 55) (Fig. 27).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: April.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 810-900 m.

Euphoria pulchella (Gory & Percheron, 1833) Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); San Salvador: San Salvador (Orozco, 2012: 91); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45; Orozco, 2012: 91) (Fig. 27). Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: May and June.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 685-780 m.

Euphoria yucateca Bates, 1889

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Venezuela (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45; Orozco, 2012: 41); San Salvador: San Salvador (Orozco, 2012: 41); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45; Orozco, 2012: 41); Cabañas: Cinquera (Orozco, 2012: 41); San Miguel: San Jacinto (Orozco, 2012: 41); San Miguel (Orozco, 2012: 41) (Fig. 27).

Years of collection: 1979, 2019.

Months of collection: May, June, and September.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 135-900 m.

Comments: reported as Euphoria limatula Janson and E. yucateca by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) and as E. limatula by Berry (1959b) and Solís (2004). Erroneously identified as E. leucigrapha [sic] by Andrews et al. (1979). Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) mentioned that adults feed on rosebush and “guineo enano” (Musa sp). In Parque Nacional El Imposible, specimens were captured in aerial traps baited with fermented fruit (Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Tribe Gymnetini Kirby, 1827

Amithao Thomson, 1878

Amithao albopictus Neervoort van de Poll, 1886 Distribution: El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Pablo-Cea & Alfaro, 2020; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: Ilopango (Pablo-Cea & Alfaro, 2020: 24) (Fig. 28). Years of collection: 2010. Months of collection: May. Topographic zone: interior valley. Elevation range: 625 m.

Figure 28 Distribution maps for Amithao albopictus, A. anthracinus, Argyripa lansbergei, Cotinis (Cotinis) mutabilis, Gymnetis bajula wollastoni, G. ramulosa, G. stellata, Hologymnetis cinerea, H. margaritis, and H. vulcanorum in El Salvador. 

Amithao anthracinusRatcliffe, 2013

Distribution: El Salvador and Panama (Pablo-Cea & Alfaro, 2020; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: San Salvador: San Salvador (Universidad de El Salvador) (Pablo-Cea & Alfaro, 2020: 24) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: interior valley.

Elevation range: 695 m.

Argyripa Thomson 1878 Argyripa lansbergei (Sallé, 1857)

Distribution: México, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil (Pablo-Cea & Alfaro, 2020; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: December.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Cotinis Burmeister, 1842

Cotinis (Cotinis) mutabilis (Gory & Percheron, 1833) Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Solís, 2004; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible [probably San Benito] (RDCC); Santa Ana: Parque Nacional Montecristo (Los Planes) (MUHNES); Santa Ana (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 44); Sonsonate: Izalco (Los Guates Farm) (MUHNES); La Libertad: Los Chorros (MUHNES); Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 379); Parque Nacional Walter Thilo Deininger (MUHNES); San Salvador: Cerro San Jacinto (J. Pablo, personal observation); Delgado (RDCC); Mejicanos (A. Pablo, personal communication); Parque Saburo Hirao (MUHNES); San Salvador (RDCC; S. Martínez, personal communication) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: 1975-1979, 2008-2009, 2018-2019.

Months of collection: April, and June-November.

Topographic zone: northern mountains, interior valley, coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 135-1,890 m.

Comments: widespread in El Salvador, with surprisingly few locality records in the literature. In El Salvador, the species is known by the common name “ron ron” (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957). Children in rural zones used to play with tethered adults, making them flying pets (J. F. Pablo, personal communication). In Parque El Bicentenario, specimens were captured with aerial traps baited with fermented fruit (Pablo-Cea, 2021). Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) mentioned that the species is harmful to cultivated pineapple. Berry (1959a) stated that the species is commonly found feeding on fruits in cultivated citrus in El Salvador but is not harmful to the trees. One specimen was observed feeding on a peach fruit (Berry 1959a).

Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819

Gymnetis bajula wollastoni Schaum, 1848

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Ratcliffe, 2018; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Ratcliffe, 2018: 40); La Paz: no specific locality (Ratcliffe, 2018: 40) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780 m.

Gymnetis ramulosa Bates, 1869

Distribution: Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela (Solís, 2004; Ratcliffe, 2018; Pablo-Cea & Alfaro, 2020).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); La Libertad: Área Natural Protegida San Andrés (J. Pablo, personal observation); Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 379) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: 2017-2019.

Months of collection: February, and May-July.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 475-870 m.

Comments: reported as Gymnetis chevrolati Gory & Percheron by Pablo-Cea & Alfaro (2020). The specimen captured in the surroundings of the Área Natural Protegida San Andrés was feeding on the fruit of a cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) (J. Pablo, personal observation). In Parque Nacional El Imposible and Parque El Bicentenario, the specimens were captured in aerial traps baited with fruit (Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Gymnetis stellata (Latreille, 1833)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Dominican Republic (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Barra de Santiago (Ratcliffe, 2018: 205); San Salvador: San Salvador (Ratcliffe, 2018: 205) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: 1980.

Months of collection: January.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 5-685 m.

Comments. Label data record the specimen from Barra de Santiago was “feeding on a cut portion of botoncillo (probably Conocarpus erectus L.)” (R. D. Cave, personal observation).

Hologymnetis Martínez, 1949

Hologymnetis cinerea (Gory & Percheron, 1833) Distribution: USA?, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Delgado & Márquez, 2006; Maes & Ratcliffe, 2020; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible [probably San Benito] (RDCC); La Libertad: Los Chorros (RDCC); no specific department: Cafetalera? (Ratcliffe & Deloya, 1992: 169) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: September and November.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 730-780 m. Hologymnetis margaritis (Bates, 1889)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (Ratcliffe & Deloya, 1992; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: no data.

Months of collection: no data.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 900 m.

Comments: reported as Gymnetis margaritis by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), and Berry (1959a). Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), and Berry (1959a) mentioned that the species is common in the coffee plantations of El Salvador, but it is not harmful to the plants.

Hologymnetis vulcanorumRatcliffe & Deloya, 1992Distribution: Guatemala and El Salvador (Ratcliffe & Deloya, 1992; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Santa Ana: Candelaria [de la Frontera] (Ratcliffe & Deloya, 1992: 179); La Libertad: Santa Tecla (Ratcliffe & Deloya, 1992: 179); Cuscatlán: El Rosario (Ratcliffe & Deloya, 1992: 179) (Fig. 28).

Years of collection: 1951-1953.

Months of collection: August and September.

Topographic zone: interior valley, coastal mountain.

Elevation range: 720-900 m.

Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 Hoplopyga liturata (Olivier, 1789)

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Argentina (Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (San Benito) (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia, & Espinosa-de los Monteros, 2022: 379); La Libertad: Parque El Bicentenario (Pablo-Cea, 2021: 22; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, & Navarrete-Heredia, 2022: 277; Pablo-Cea, Deloya, MacGregor-Fors, Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2022: 379); Santa Tecla (Berry & Salazar-Vaquero, 1957: 45); San Salvador: Los Planes de Renderos (Shaughney & Ratcliffe, 2015: 608); San Miguel: no specific locality (Shaughney & Ratcliffe, 2015: 608) (Fig. 29).

Figure 29 Distribution maps for Hoplopyga liturata, Trigonopeltastes archimedes, T. frontalis, T. geometricus, T. sallaei sallaei, and T. variabilis in El Salvador. 

Years of collection: 2019.

Months of collection: January, April-September, November, and December.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 780-1,005 m.

Comments: reported as Hoplopyga literata [sic] by Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957), and as Gymnatis [sic] liturata in Andrews et al. (1979). The specimens from Parque Nacional El Imposible and Parque El Bicentenario were captured in aerial traps baited with fruit (Pablo-Cea, 2021).

Tribe Trichiini Fleming, 1821 Trigonopeltastes Burmeister & Schaum, 1840 Trigonopeltastes archimedes Schaum in Burmeister & Schaum, 1841

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (Smith, 2016; Schoolmeesters, 2022).

Locality records: La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Howden, 1968: 48) (Fig. 29).

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,190 m.

Comments: it is likely that the year and month of collection for the specimen from La Unión is the same (May 1958) as that of Trigonopeltastes variabilis Howden, since both species are reported in the same paper (Howden, 1968).

Trigonopeltastes frontalis Bates, 1889

Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Honduras (Smith, 2016).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (Cerro de Loma de Paja, Puerta Mayor [Sector San Francisco Menéndez]) (Cave, 1983: 152) (Fig. 29).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 250 m.

Comments: adults were found on or flying around the flowers of Casearia aculeata Jacq. (Cave, 1983). Trigonopeltastes geometricus Schaum in Burmeister & Schaum, 1841

Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia (Smith, 2016).

Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (Puerta Mayor [Sector San Francisco Menéndez]) (Cave, 1983: 152) (Fig. 29).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal plain.

Elevation range: 250 m.

Comments: adults were found on or flying around the flowers of C. aculeata (Cave, 1983).

Trigonopeltastes sallaei sallaei Bates, 1889

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Smith, 2016). Locality records: Ahuachapán: Parque Nacional El Imposible (Cerro de Loma de Paja [Sector San Francisco Menéndez]) (Cave, 1983: 152); La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Howden, 1968: 38) (Fig. 29).

Years of collection: 1979.

Months of collection: June.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains, coastal plain.

Elevation range: 250-1,190 m.

Comments: it is likely that the year and month of collection for the specimen from La Unión is the same (May 1958) as that of Trigonopeltastes variabilis Howden, since both species are reported in the same paper (Howden, 1968). Adults were found on or flying around the flowers of C. aculeata (Cave, 1983).

Trigonopeltastes variabilis Howden, 1968

Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Smith, 2016).

Locality records: La Unión: Volcán de Conchagua (Howden, 1968: 49) (Fig. 29).

Years of collection: 1958.

Months of collection: May.

Topographic zone: coastal mountains.

Elevation range: 1,190 m.

Discussion

Species erroneously recorded from El Salvador Twenty-two species of Scarabaeoidea are reported in the literature as occurring in El Salvador, but for which no convincing evidence exists of their presence in the country. We consider these as erroneous records, and they are not included in the catalog.

Kuwert (1896, 1897, 1898) recorded 9 species of Passalidae that are erroneous records (J. Schuster, personal comunication): Odontotaenius haberiKuwert, 1897 (precinctive to El Salvador), which probably was a misidentification of O. striatopunctatus; Popilius haagi (Kaup, 1868); P. scutellopunctatusKuwert, 1897, also cited in Gillogly (2005); Passalus interruptus (Linnaeus, 1758), which was probably confused with P. punctiger, since Passalus interruptus does not occur in Central America (Schuster, 1978); P. manlioides (Kuwert, 1898); P. perparvulus (Kuwert, 1898), also cited in Hincks (1953); Petrejoides tau (Kaup, 1869), described as Soranus intergeneus by Kuwert (1896); Undulifer incisus (Truqui, 1857); and U. salvadoris Kuwert, 1897, which is currently not considered a valid species (J. Schuster, personal communication).

Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) cited 9 species of Scarabaeidae whose known distributions do not extend into El Salvador and/or that have not been reported in the country by any subsequent author. They possibly were misidentifications of other species, this is the list. Copris incertus Say, 1835, also cited in Howden and Young (1981), a species known only to occur in the Atlantic zone of Mexico (Darling & Génier, 2018). Dichotomius (Dichotomius) carolinus (Linnaeus, 1767), recorded as Pinotus carolina [sic], also cited in Howden and Young (1981) and Fuentes (1998). This species is restricted to eastern USA (Kohlmann & Solis 1997). The correct identification could be D. annae or might be a range extension of D. colonicus (Say), but the specimens must be examined (B. Gill, personal communication). Onthophagus rufescens Bates, 1887, a species restricted to Mexico (Moctezuma, 2021). Phanaeus (Phanaeus) sallei Harold, 1863, which has not been recorded from El Salvador in subsequent years. Therefore, it is likely an erroneous record (V. Moctezuma, personal communication). Phanaeus lunaris Taschenberg, 1870, a species known only from Ecuador and Peru (Edmonds & Zidek, 2012; Figueroa et al., 2014). Macraspis melanaria (Blanchard, 1850), a species in South America and the West Indies (Schoolmeesters, 2022), whose northernmost distribution is Panama (Ratcliffe, 2002). Cyclocephala fulgurata Burmeister, 1847, reported as C. fulgorata [sic], which has a broad distribution in Central and South America (Schoolmeesters, 2022), but was not found in El Salvador by Ratcliffe and Cave (2006). Cyclocephala amazona (Linnaeus, 1767), reported as Cyclocephala signata (Fabricius) in Berry and Salazar-Vaquero (1957) and likely misidentified specimens of C. multiplex. Cyclocephala amazona occurs from Costa Rica to Paraguay and in the West Indies (Ratcliffe, 2003; Ratcliffe & Cave, 2015). Dyscinetus morator (Fabricius, 1798), reported as Dyscinetus trachypygus Casey, is a species that occurs in the USA, Bahamas, and Mexico (Ratcliffe & Cave, 2015).

Berry (1959a) reported a species of Ochodaeidae, Ochodaeus pollicaris Bates, 1887 (= Neochodaeus pollicaris [Bates]), which is known only from Costa Rica and Panama (Paulsen 2012). This species might possibly occur in El Salvador, but no specimens confirming its presence in the country have been reported in the past 65 years.

Ratcliffe and Morón (1997) cited 1 species of Dynastinae, Ancognatha falsa Arrow from El Salvador. Ratcliffe and Cave (2006) did not include the species in their inventory. The distribution of the species is restricted to Mexico (Ratcliffe et al., 2013).

Fuentes (1998) and Horgan (2001) reported 1 species of Scarabaeinae, Phanaeus (Phanaeus) guatemalensis Harold, 1871, a species that occurs from Mexico to central Guatemala. Its recorded presence in El Salvador is possibly in error (V. Moctezuma, personal communication). The specimens from El Salvador require examination to verify their species determination.

Cupello (2018) reported the occurrence of 1 species of Scarabaeinae, Canthidium pseudoperceptibileKohlmann & Solís, 2006, based mistakenly on Pablo-Cea et al. (2016) who actually reported C. pseudopuncticolle Solís & Kohlmann as new to El Salvador, not C. pseudoperceptibile. Capello and Halffter (2019) repeated the erroneous record, based on Cupello (2018).

Our catalog herein is the latest approach to documenting the species richness of the Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador. The specimens recorded in non-peer-reviewed works, such as theses, should be carefully re-examined, as there is the possibility that some misidentifications may have occurred. In the future, it will be important to study newly collected material, record data from unexamined museum specimens, and develop illustrated keys to accurately identify the species in the country.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the specialists who kindly checked the initial lists of the species reported in El Salvador: Jack Schuster and Larry Jiménez-Ferbans (Passalidae), Paul Skelley (Aphodiinae), Victor Moctezuma and Bruce Gill (Scarabaeinae), Mario Cupello (Scarabaeinae: Ateuchus), Brett Ratcliffe (Dynastinae, Cetoniinae), and Andrew Smith and Andrés Ramírez-Ponce (Melolonthinae and Rutelinae). Mario Cupello is thanked for providing important information about the distribution of Ateuchus species. We are indebted to Héctor Gasca Álvarez, Jorge Arias-Buriticá, Víctor Moctezuma, Carlos Aguilar Julio, Mario Zunino, José Luis Navarrete-Heredia, Rodolfo Araya, MJ Paulsen, Gil Taylor, and Martijn Van Roie for facilitating literature hard to find. The following websites are acknowledged: Biodiversity Heritage Library, Catalogue of Life, and Smithsonian Libraries for being free sources of invaluable information. We are grateful to MUHNES collection managers for allowing JDPC to review their specimens, especially to Eunice Echeverría and Ana María Rivera. Ana Pablo, Sofia Martínez and Humberto García are acknowledged for their invaluable help in the editing of the paper. The Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática and Escuela de Biología of the Universidad de El Salvador are acknowledged for the support given. JDPC acknowledges the scholarship provided by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (No. 753462) and the Master of Science program of the Instituto de Ecología, A.C. We thank 2 anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments, which improved a previous version of the manuscript. We are grateful to the editorial team of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad for their invaluable help in the edition of the manuscript. JDPC dedicates this work to the memory of Juan Francisco Pablo and the long life of Ana Virginia Cea.

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Received: August 30, 2022; Accepted: February 01, 2023

*Corresponding author: jose.pablo@ues.edu.sv(J.D. Pablo-Cea)

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