texto en 
Inglés (pdf)
Artículo en XML
Referencias del artículo
Traducción automática
Enviar artículo por email
Citado por SciELO 
Similares en
SciELO 
Permalink
Highlights:
Fuelwood production dominated the timber market in the municipalities of Paraíba, Brazil.
The most specialized municipalities were associated with charcoal production.
Some municipalities presented a complete reorganization of the production chain, based on 1994.
This reorganization was due to the change from charcoal to firewood production.
Introduction
Forest products (timber and non-timber) are a source of food, medicines, fuels and raw materials for the world's population (Coelho Junior et al., 2013). Timber materials from plant or forest extraction include firewood, charcoal, roundwood and processed wood. At the same time, non-timber products are goods of biological origin from forests and wooded lands, except timber (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2016).
According to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2018), in Brazil, timber products (firewood, charcoal and roundwood) produced a gross value of production (GVP) of 17.22 x 109 BRL (Brazilian reals) in 2017. Of this total, 83.83 % (14.44 x 109 BRL) corresponded to forestry and 16.17% (2.78 x 109 BRL) to plant extraction. In forestry, the forest products were firewood with 15.82 % (2.28 x 109 BRL), charcoal with 17.80 % (2.57 x 109 BRL) and roundwood with 66.38 % (9.58 x 109 BRL). In vegetable extraction, the products were roundwood with 69.17 % (1.92 x 109 BRL), firewood with 19.43 % (540.99 x 106 BRL) and charcoal with 11.40 % (317.21 x 106 BRL). In 2017, the distribution of GVP of vegetable extracted timber products in Brazilian regions was found in the North (48.62 %), Midwest (25.85 %), Northeast (19.23 %), Southeast (5.20 %) and South (1.10 %) (IBGE, 2018).
In the Northeast region, the exploitation of native forest resources, mainly from the caatinga biome, is associated with the regional energy demand, both for the subsistence of the rural population and for the local red ceramic and gypsum industry (Coelho Junior et al., 2018, 2019a). In this region, according to IBGE (2018), the GVP of timber products from vegetal extraction was 535.32 x 106 BRL, represented by firewood (254.45 x 106 BRL) and charcoal (207. 67 x 106 BRL), mainly; Paraíba ranked seventh in the Northeast and twenty-first in Brazil with a GVP of 12.92 x 106 BRL in timber production, from vegetal extraction composed of firewood (94.08 %) and charcoal (5.92 %).
Studies in regional economics help to understand the territorial space, establish strategies to reduce inequalities and stimulate the development of economic activities (Coelho Junior et al., 2018a, 2019). Measures of localization and specialization are indicators capable of identifying patterns of behavior of sectors or productive structures between regions. Tests by Escolano-Utrilla and Escalona-Orcao (2017), Fracasso and Marzetti (2018), Mattei and Mattei (2017), Mazur et al. (2013) and Morrissey (2016) used such measures. In the forestry sector, Martins et al. (2018) analyzed the disparity of plant extractivism in northeastern Brazil compared to the whole country and determined low concentration, but regionally distributed and without structural change.
The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal municipal disparity of native timber products in Paraíba, Brazil, based on gross value of production, from 1994 to 2017. This research helps to understand local strategies of concentration and specialization of timber production in Paraíba and the results are useful for public managers and local investors. The methodology presented can be used in other regions, in order to understand the productive pattern of the timber resource.
Materials and methods
The state of Paraíba is located in the Northeast region of Brazil (Figure 1), has 222 municipalities, of which a large part uses wood for energy generation (Coelho Junior et al., 2018).
This study used data on gross value of production (GVP) of plant extraction timber products from the municipalities of Paraíba, for the period 1994 to 2017, collected from the IBGE's Plant Extraction and Forestry Production.
This study used data on gross value of production (GVP) of plant extraction timber products from the municipalities of Paraíba, for the period 1994 to 2017, collected from the IBGE's Plant Extraction and Forestry Production.
The GVP shows the evolution of the performance of the production of timber products and corresponds to the gross income within the producing region. Vegetable extracted timber products are the sum of the GVP of firewood, charcoal and roundwood. The municipalities included in this study were those with GVP > 0. The values used were deflated by the general internal price-availability index, base year 2017 = 100 (Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 2018).
The GVP situation of timber products and by-products (firewood, charcoal and roundwood) was analyzed for the years 1994 and 2017. Quartiles (Q) were used as descriptive analysis, classifying them according to municipal GVP: low (Q1), medium (Q2), high (Q3) and very high (Q4). Among municipalities, quartiles were categorized by first quarter GVP into Q1 (0 < Q1 ≤ 25 %), Q2 for the second quarter (25 % < Q2 ≤ 50 %), Q3 for the third quarter (50 % < Q3 ≤ 75 %) and for the last quarter the Q4 (75 % < Q4 ≤ 100 %) (Coelho Junior et al., 2021).
GVP profits or losses of timber products GVP in the municipalities of Paraíba, in 1994 and 2017, were determined with the Geometric Growth Rate (GGR) equation (Cuenca & Dompieri, 2017):
where, VF is the GVP of the total wood product (firewood, charcoal and roundwood) in the last year, V0 is the GVP at the initial year and ∆t is the time variation (years).
According to Alves (2012), location and specialization measures identify regional disparities and highlight areas of relevance for an economic activity. Location measures point to sectors or regions with a higher degree of specialization; that is, they have greater importance compared to the reference region. Specialization measures compare performance with a reference region. The location indicators were the location quotient (LQ) and the coefficient of redistribution (CRED). The specialization quotient (SQ) and the restructuring coefficient (Rc) were used as measures of specialization.
LQ shows the behavior of the GVP of timber products in the municipalities of Paraíba, comparing concentrations regarding the state:
where, Eij = GVP of wood product i in municipality j; Ej = GVP of timber products in municipality j; Ei = GVP of timber products i in Paraíba; and E = GVP of timber products in Paraíba. The location quotient is classified as: significant concentration (LQ ≥ 1.00), medium concentration (0.50 ≤ LQ < 1.00) or weak concentration (LQ < 0.5) (Santos Júnior et al., 2022). The years analyzed were 1994, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2017.
CRED shows the dispersion or concentration of the GVP of timber products in Paraíba, in a given period:
where, Eijt0 = GVP of timber product i in municipality j at the initial year; Eijt1 = GVP of timber product i in municipality j in the last year and Eijt1 = GVP of timber product i in Paraíba in the last year. CRED ranges from 0 to 1; values close to 1 indicate change in the location pattern of GVP of product i, while values close to 0 indicate no change (Mattei & Mattei, 2017). Since it is a redistribution index, CRED must be analyzed by intervals, so the periods of 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2017 were observed based on 1994.
CE compares the productive structure of a municipality with that of Paraíba. The indicator lists the relative participation of the wood product:
where, Eij = GVP of wood product i in municipality j; Ej = GVP of timber products in municipality j; Ei = GVP of timber products i in Paraíba and E = GVP of timber products in Paraíba. CE varies between 0 and 1; values close to 0 indicate that the productive structure of the municipality was equally distributed as Paraíba, while with CE close to 1 the opposite is inferred (Coelho Junior et al., 2018). The years of analysis were 1994, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2017.
Rc relates the participation of product i in municipality j at the initial year, and of the same product i at the final year. The coefficient evaluates the productive structure of a municipality between two periods, checking the degree of change in the GVP (Coelho Junior et al., 2018):
where, Eijt1 = GVP of timber product i in municipality j in the last year; Eijt0 = GVP of timber product i in municipality j at the initial year; Ejt1 = GVP of timber product i in Paraíba in the last year and Ejt0 = GVP of timber product i in Paraíba in the initial year. Rc varies between 0 and 1; values close to 1 indicate that the changes in the productive structure of the municipality were significant, and close to 0 indicate the opposite. Like CRED, Rc should be evaluated by intervals that show restructuring in the sector, the periods of 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2017 were evaluated based on 1994.
Results and Discussion
Figure 2 shows the quartiles for the GVP of timber products in the municipalities of Paraíba for 1994 and 2017. In 1994, plant extracted timber products generated 20.05 x 106 BRL and decreased to 12.92 x 106 BRL in 2017, which represented a decreasing rate of 1.89 % per year. For the initial year, the PVB of the municipalities ranged from 6 210 BRL to 1.35 x 106 BRL and involved 152 of the 222 municipalities. It was observed that only two municipalities (Pombal and Souza) were in the fourth quarter (very high), three in the third quarter (high), nine in the second quarter (medium) and 138 in the first quarter (low) showing low municipal revenues in this segment. The four largest GVPs accounted for 20.42 % of total state timber products: Pombal (1.35 x 106 BRL), Sousa (1.15 x 106 BRL), Sumé (807 580 BRL) and Princesa Isabel (732 860 BRL).
Figure 2 Quartile distribution of the gross production value of timber products in the municipalities of Paraíba, Brazil, for 1994 and 2017. 
Q1 - Low, 
Q2 - Medium, 
Q3 - High, 
Q4 - Very high.
For 2017, the GVP timber products of Paraíba's municipalities ranged from 1 000 BRLS to 861 000 BRL and counted with the participation of 189 municipalities. Despite the increasing number of municipalities in forest production in Paraíba, this participation was concentrated in Q1 (low) with 175 municipalities, 13 municipalities in Q2 (medium) and only 1 (Olho d'Água) in Q4 (very high), representing 6.66 % for Paraíba's timber products GVP. In the state, Piancó had the highest average annual growth (17.90 % p.a.), starting from 6 210 BRL (1994) to 274 000 BRL (2017). There were also other municipalities that grew such as Itaporanga (16.46 % p.a.), Emas (16.40 % p.a.) and Conceição (15.78 % p.a.) focused mainly on firewood supply. On the other hand, there were municipalities that lowered their GVP such as Solânea (-16.40 % p. a.), Salgadinho (-16.36 % p. a.), Natuba (-14.85 % p. a.) and Lastro (-13.88 % p. a.), due to retraction in firewood production. The decrease in state production was related to the performance of the inspection and environmental agencies, in addition to the reduction of the labor force available for extractive activities (IBGE, 2016).
Firewood had a similar behavior to total timber products; in 1994, the GVP of firewood was 16.10 x 106 BRL (80.30 % of the total) and reached 12.16 x 106 BRL (94.12 % of the total) in 2017, with an average decrease of 1.21 % per year. In the same year, 129 municipalities (58.10 %) were distributed in the quartile with low GVP, nine in the medium (4.05 %), two in the high (0.90 %) and two in very high (0.90 %). Pombal, Souza, Princesa Isabel and Solânea were the municipalities with the highest contribution, most located in the northeast of the Sertão, where much of the state's timber production is concentrated as shown by Coelho Junior et al. (2018). For 2017, in the GVP of firewood, the municipality of Olho d'Água stood out (7.06 %). The composition was 175 municipalities (78.83 %) with low GVP (Q1), 12 (5.40 %) in the medium (Q2) and one (0.45 %) in the very high quartile (Q4). The municipality with the highest annual growth in firewood GVP was Itaporanga, from 6 210 BRL (1994) to 390 000 BRL (2017), with 19.72 %, due to the development of the red ceramic. Industrial demand, availability of labor in harvesting and price are the factors that explain the oscillations in the production of plant extractivism. In this activity it is common to observe significant fluctuations in production (IBGE, 2016). The largest drop in firewood GVP was for Salgadinho (-17.97 % per year), which went from 285 690 BRL (1994) to 3 000 BRL (2017). One aspect that may have motivated the decline in fuelwood production is the growth in the number of households served by an electrification network, especially in the 2000s. In this context, more Brazilian households started to have electricity, replacing firewood for heating or cooking (Guerra et al., 2015).
For charcoal, the GVP decreased from 3.65 x 106 BRL (1994) to 763 000 BRL (2017) and an annual decrease of 6.57 % of concentrated production was observed, as noted by Coelho Junior et al. (2019a). In 1994, 106 municipalities were classified with low GVP (45.75 %), one with medium (0.45 %), two with high (0.90 %) and one with very high (0.45 %). The most prominent were Sumé (676 970 BRL), Boqueirão (372 640 BRL) and Monteiro (242 220 BRL) which contributed 3,654 x 106 BRL to the state GVP; more than 50 % of the municipalities produced no charcoal. For 2017, BRL 765 000 was collected and the municipality with the highest participation was Emas with BRL 82 000, as a result of the implementation of the Ecocarvão company, a charcoal producer. There were 131 municipalities with low GVP (59.01 %), two with medium (0.90 %), one with high (0.45 %) and one with very high (0.45 %).
Roundwood production was recorded in Paraíba between 1994 and 2003, a period in which the GVP decreased. In 1994, 298 110 BRL were recorded and only Manaíra (31.25 %), Tavares (31.25 %), Princesa Isabel (20.83 %), Barra de São Miguel (14.58 %) and Juru (4.17 %) had production. These municipalities, except for Barra de São Miguel, are located in the Serra de Teixeira micro-region, the main roundwood production center in the state.
Figure 3 shows the evolution of the location quotient (LQ) of the GVP of timber products in the municipalities of Paraíba, for the period 1994 to 2017. In 1994, firewood had a strong concentration in 45.04 % of the municipalities in Paraíba, 15.77 % of the municipalities had average concentration and only 7.65 % had values of LQ < 0.50. The maximum LQ value was 1.24, identified in 43 municipalities. For the municipalities with production, the lowest LQ corresponded to Monteiro (0.116), due to its high charcoal production. From 2000, the number of municipalities with strong concentration of firewood GVP increased to 59.01 %, 21.17 % with medium concentration and 19.82 % with weak concentration or no wood GVP. In 2006, the number of municipalities with strong (58.56 %) and weak (16.22 %) concentration decreased with a consequent increase in the average ranking (25.22 %), mainly in municipalities inserted in the Western and Eastern Cariri micro-regions, as shown by Travassos and Souza (2014). In 2012 and 2017, the number of municipalities with strong firewood concentration decreased in relation to previous years and municipalities with average concentration increased, highlighting a greater proximity between firewood and charcoal production.
Regarding charcoal, 50 municipalities with high concentrations were identified in 1994. The highest LQ was 5.49 in 10 municipalities (Baía da Traição, Emas, Itapororoca, Itatuba, Ouro Velho, Salgado de São Félix, Santana dos Garrotes, São Paulo João do Tigre, São Sebastião do Umbuzeiro and Tacima), all producing only charcoal. For the year 2000, the LQ showed an increase in the number of municipalities with high and medium concentration compared to 1994. Strong concentration was identified in 61 municipalities (27.48 %), medium concentration in 24 (10.81 %) and weak concentration in 137 localities (61.72 %). In 2006, the number of municipalities with strong classification increased and the number in the medium and weak levels decreased, showing a substitution effect between firewood and charcoal in some municipalities. In 2012, the highest LQ was in Puxinanã (12.026), located in the Borborema mesoregion, while Assunção had the lowest (0.092). As reported by Martins et al. (2018), for the same region and in the same year, the number of municipalities with strong (30.18 %) and average (13.51 %) concentration in charcoal production increased, given the increase in the control of illegal firewood production (IBGE, 2016). In 2017, there was a slight increase in the number of cities with strong concentration, again highlighting Puxinanã with LQ of 16.89.
By 1994, roundwood in the municipalities of Manaíra, Tavares, Barra de São de Miguel, Princesa Isabel and Juru showed high concentration. In 2000, the municipalities of Manaíra, Princesa Isabel and Juru remained the same, while in 2004, IBGE reported no log production data for Paraíba.
Figure 3 Evolution of the location quotient (LQ) of gross value of production of timber products in the municipalities of Paraíba, Brazil, for the period 1994-2017.
Table 1 shows the coefficient of redistribution (CRED) of GVP of timber products for the municipalities of Paraíba, for the periods 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2017 based on 1994. Charcoal production had the highest redistribution in all periods, showing that there were significant changes in the extraction pattern; the 1994-2006 interval had the highest redistribution with a value of 0.597. CRED also pointed to a significant redistribution of firewood, between 1994 and 2017, with a value of 0.591. For roundwood there was no information available to make the analysis.
Table 1 Redistribution coefficient (CRED) of the gross value of the production of timber products for the municipalities of Paraíba, Brazil, in the analyzed periods.
| CRED | 1994-2000 | 1994-2006 | 1994-2012 | 1994-2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firewood | 0.523 | 0.543 | 0.575 | 0.591 |
| Charcoal | 0.536 | 0.597 | 0.548 | 0.584 |
| Roundwood | 0.010 | - | - | - |
In addition to the regulation that prohibited timber exploitation in the coastal zone, this restructuring was observed by the change of producers in the interior of the state. The change in the productive pattern of the municipalities was influenced by the desertification process identified by Tomasella et al. (2018). Alves et al. (2009) associated the desert nuclei, among other reasons, to the exploitation of vegetation for firewood and charcoal production.
For the period from 1994 to 2006, the redistribution of firewood occurred mainly due to increased production in the municipalities of Borborema and Agreste do Estado; in addition, production in the municipalities of Mata Paraibana decreased due to the prohibition of exploitation (Paupitz, 2010). Itaporanga, Conceição and Algodão de Jandaíra stood out for their high redistribution, with a strong increase in firewood production, and the municipalities of Pombal, Souza and Solânea were characterized by a decrease.
The redistribution of charcoal between 1994 and 2017 was justified by the increase in productivity in Paraíba and the decrease in the municipalities comprising Borborema and Mata Paraibana. The municipality of Sumé contributed the most to the redistribution, with a decrease in GVP from 109 000 BRL in 1994 to 11 000 in 2017 BRL. Redistribution by charcoal had the highest average value (0.566), thus similar to that found by Martins et al. (2018) for the northeastern states, although greater intensity was noted.
Table 2 presents the ranking of the 10 municipalities in Paraíba with the highest specialization coefficients (SC) of the timber products GVP from 1994 to 2017. Puxinananã had the highest SC in 2017 (0.941) with 100 % of its GVP coming from charcoal, i.e., a high degree of specialization. Baía da Traição had higher average SC value (0.692), only with charcoal production. The municipality of Monteiro also stood out with a high average SC (0.675), with charcoal production as the main contribution. Among the 10 municipalities with the highest SC, none had an average value lower than 0.500.
Table 2 Ranking of the 10 municipalities of Paraíba, Brazil, with the highest specialization coefficients (SC) of the gross value of timber products production, for the years 1994, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2017.
| Rank | Municipality | 1994 | 2000 | 2006 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1° | Puxinanã | 0.318 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.941 |
| 2° | Monteiro | 0.725 | 0.765 | 0.721 | 0.631 | 0.571 |
| 3° | Alhandra | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 4° | Baía da Traição | 0.818 | 0.88 | 0.881 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 5° | Bayeux | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 6° | Caaporã | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 7° | Capim | 0.5 | 0.13 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 8° | Carrapateira | 0.197 | 0.13 | 0.119 | 0.073 | 0.5 |
| 9° | Conde | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 10° | Cruz do Espírito Santo | 0.197 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Table 3 presents the ranking of the 10 municipalities of Paraíba with higher restructuring coefficients (Rc) of the GVP of timber products, in the periods 2000, 2006, 2014 and 2017 compared to 1994. The Rc evidenced important changes in the productive structures of some municipalities of Paraíba. The municipalities of Itapororoca, Salgado de São Félix and Tacima had a maximum value (1.000), which indicated a complete reorganization of the structure. For these municipalities, in 1994, wood production consisted only of charcoal and only firewood starting in 1996.
Table 3 Ranking of the 10 municipalities with the highest restructuring coefficients (Rc) of the gross value of the production of timber products in Paraíba, Brazil, in the periods studied.
| Rank | Municipality | 1994-2000 | 1994-2006 | 1994-2012 | 1994-2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1° | Itapororoca | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| 2° | Salgado de São Félix | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| 3° | Tacima | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| 4° | Santana dos Garrotes | 0.957 | 0.957 | 0.962 | 0.959 |
| 5° | São Sebastião do Umbuzeiro | 0.667 | 0.735 | 0.934 | 0.947 |
| 6° | São João do Tigre | 0.286 | 0.457 | 0.857 | 0.885 |
| 7° | Ouro Velho | 0.429 | 0.862 | 0.798 | 0.826 |
| 8° | Sumé | 0.012 | 0.527 | 0.664 | 0.693 |
| 9° | Camalaú | 0.286 | 0.545 | 0.653 | 0.647 |
| 10° | Emas | 0.667 | 0.500 | 0.784 | 0.598 |
The municipality of Emas underwent a continuous restructuring from 1994 onwards, becoming a firewood producer from 1995 onwards, with a decrease in charcoal production. Another municipality that stood out was Santana dos Garrotes which, like Tacima, produced only charcoal in 1994; from 1996, firewood was the main source among timber products.
Conclusions
This paper presented the gross value disparity analysis of the production of timber products in Paraíba, Brazil. Firewood was the main timber product in the municipalities, charcoal was the product with the highest redistribution and roundwood had the lowest participation in the municipalities. The highest average specialization was identified in the municipality of Baía da Traição, while Tacima, Salgado de São Félix and Itapororoca presented the highest restructuring. This study provided information on timber production in Paraíba, which is useful for public managers and local investors, and contributes to the better use of this resource. Future studies could expand the geographical delimitation, mainly at the national level, which will indicate areas with higher productivity and profitability of the timber resource.
