Abstract

ALBUJA ECHEVERRIA, Wilson Santiago. Productive and Social Inclusion in Ecuador. Prob. Des [online]. 2019, vol.50, n.197, pp.59-85.  Epub Oct 18, 2019. ISSN 0301-7036.  https://doi.org/10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2019.197.64747.

Poverty can be reduced in two ways: via income generation or via increased access to public goods and services. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology for quantifying the percentage of the population that live in double inclusion, namely, in productive and social inclusion in Ecuador during the 2009-2017 study period. The results obtained indicate an asymmetry between social and productive progress. The advances made in education, housing, and basic services stand in contrast to the challenge to secure dignified employment, a situation made worse in rural areas. In 2017, the national level of double inclusion was recorded at 35.3%, non-productive social inclusion at 31.8%, non-social productive inclusion at 6.8%, and exclusion at 26%.

Keywords : productive inclusion; social inclusion; income poverty; multidimensional poverty; inequality.