Abstract

CALZADA-LEON, Raúl; ALTAMIRANO-BUSTAMANTE, Nelly  and  RUIZ-REYES, María de la Luz. Neuroendocrine and gastrointestinal modulators of appetite and satiety. Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex. [online]. 2008, vol.65, n.6, pp.468-487. ISSN 1665-1146.

The modulators that diminish appetite and increase metabolic calorie needs at hypothalamus level are synthesized in different tissues: gastrointestinal system (glucagons-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, cholecystokinin and oxynt-modulin), the endocrine system (insulin, beta effects of adrenalin, and estrogens), adipose tissue (leptin, visfatin and omentin-1), peripheral nervous system (noradrenaline beta effects) and central nervous system (corticotropin released hormone, melanocortin, agouti protein, cocacine-amphetamine-regulated transcript and MCH). Those factors increasing appetite and lower basal metabolism comes from gastrointestinal system (ghrelin and growth hormone release hormone from pancreas), and central nervous system (neuropeptide Y, orexins and cannabinoids). In the hypothalamus, the neural and neuroendocrine afferents are integrated with the purpose of regulate appetite (hunger or satiety signals), and metabolic needs (increasing or decreasing basal metabolism and brown adipose tissue thermoregulation efficacy) according to body energy balance. The arcuate nucleus contains 2 main cellular systems: one rich in proopiomelanocortin (precursor of alpha melanocytes stimulating hormone and agonist of melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors), which decreases appetite, and other rich in neuropeptide Y and agoutirelated peptide which increase appetite.

Keywords : Appetite; satiation; neuroendocrine; modulators; gastrointestinal; modulators.