![Extracción nutrimental en lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum [Raf.] Shinn) cv. Mariachi Pink](/img/es/prev.gif)
Servicios Personalizados
Revista
Articulo
texto en 
Inglés (pdf)
Artículo en XML
Referencias del artículo
Traducción automática
Enviar artículo por emailIndicadores
-
Citado por SciELO -
Accesos
Links relacionados
-
Similares en
SciELO
Compartir
Permalink
Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
versión impresa ISSN 2007-0934
Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc vol.8 no.2 Texcoco feb./mar. 2017
https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v8i2.56
Articles
Extraction of N-P-K in Coriandrum sativum ‘Pakistan’ in hydroponics
1Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit-Unidad Académica de Agricultura. Carretera Tepic-Compostela, km 9. Xalisco, Nayarit, México. CP. 63780. Tel. (01) 331 2110128. (ccruzc2006@yahoo.com.mx; canchulim@yahoo.com.mx; javie-loera-9@hotmail.com).
2Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí -Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas. Altair 200. Colonia Del Llano, San Luis Potosí, México. CP. 78377. Tel. (01) 444 8422359. (gisela.aguilar@uaslp.mx).
3Universidad Autónoma Chapingo-Departamento de Suelos. Carretera México-Texcoco, km 38.5. Texcoco, Estado de México, México. CP. 56230. Tel. (01) 595 9521634. (pinedapjoel@yahoo.com.mx).
Given the limited information on nutritional requirements for coriander cultivation, is proposed to evaluate the concentration and extraction of N, P and K under different osmotic potentials of the nutrient solution during growth until flowering. Therefore, the Pakistan variety was established in bags with red tezontle, under greenhouse conditions on October 20, 2013. The plants were watered with nutrient solution of Steiner with osmotic potential of 0.018, 0.036, 0.054 and 0.072 Mpa. The experimental design was completely randomized with 30 replicates for growth variables and five replicates for nutritional determination. The experimental unit was a bag with three plants at the time of transplantation. The plant height, fresh matter weight, dry matter weight, SPAD readings, concentration and N, P and K extraction were determined. The analysis of variance and mean comparison test were performed. Subsequently, by means of regression, the nutrient accumulation models were estimated. It was determined that to reach the commercial height of 30 cm and the best yield of fresh and dry matter, we must use the nutrient solution of Steiner with the osmotic potential of 0.054 MPa from the transplant to 30 ddt. While the nutritional extraction index was 5.38, 4.74 and 0.69 kg t-1 of K, N and P, respectively. If the interest is to reach the flowering stage (70 ddt) use the same solution.
Keywords: absorption; coriander; nitrogen; phosphorus potassium
Dada la escasa información sobre requerimientos nutrimentales para el cultivo de cilantro se planteó como objetivo evaluar la concentración y la extracción de N, P y K bajo diferentes potenciales osmóticos de la solución nutritiva durante el crecimiento hasta la floración. Por lo anterior, la variedad Pakistan se estableció en bolsas con tezontle rojo, en condiciones de invernadero el 20 de octubre de 2013. Las plantas se regaron con solución nutritiva de Steiner con potencial osmótico de 0.018, 0.036, 0.054 y 0.072 Mpa. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con 30 repeticiones para variables de crecimiento y cinco repeticiones para la determinación nutrimental. La unidad experimental fue una bolsa con tres plantas al momento del trasplante. Se determinó la altura de la planta, peso de la materia fresca, peso de la materia seca, lecturas SPAD, concentración y extracción de N, P y K. Se realizó el análisis de varianza y prueba de comparación de medias. Posteriormente, mediante regresión se estimaron los modelos de acumulación de nutrimentos. Se determinó que para alcanzar la altura comercial de 30 cm y el mejor rendimiento de materia fresca y seca, se debe utilizar la solución nutritiva de Steiner con el potencial osmótico de 0.054 MPa desde el trasplante hasta los 30 ddt. En tanto que el índice de extracción nutrimental fue 5.38, 4.74 y 0.69 kg t-1 de K, N y P, respectivamente. Si el interés es llegar a la etapa de floración (70 ddt) utilizar la misma solución.
Palabras claves: absorción; cilantro; fósforo; nitrógeno; potasio
Introduction
The coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual aromatic plant high global consumption of foliage and seed, and India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter. In the American Continent it is also cultivated and consumed, where Mexico participates with a harvested area of 5 502 ha distributed in the states of Puebla, Baja California, Sonora, Tlaxcala and Zacatecas, mainly (Lubbe and Verpoorte, 2011; Nadeem et al., 2013; SIAP, 2014); while the United States is one of the main importers (Arizio and Curioni, 2011). The world demand for aromatic plants, particularly coriander, continues to increase, as in the five-year period 2005-2009, at an average annual rate of 7% in value terms (Arizio and Curioni, 2011).
The leaves, stems and fruits are used whole or ground as flavoring and spice, or the leaves can be consumed fresh (Carrubba, 2009). Also, for the essential oil content in leaves and seeds is used in the food industry, perfumery, tobacco and cosmetics; for their allelopathic properties it is relevant in the medical area (Parthasarathy and Zachariah, 2008; Sahib et al., 2013).
In production, nutrition is one of the most relevant performance and product quality factors, and in the case of aromatic plants can influence the amount of essential oil (Srivastava et al., 2002), but also the fertilization one of the items that can generate high production costs due to the culture of excessive use of them and also due to the high climatic variability (Mendoza-Pérez et al., 2015), which can lead to low profitability. Information management fertilization of herbs such as coriander is scarce, and existing studies have focused mainly on the study of the effect of N (Ram et al., 2006; González-García et al., 2009).
The horticultural crops differ widely in the pattern of nutrient absorption through its growth cycle (Bugarín et al., 2011). Due to the above, it is important to obtain the nutritional extraction curve of each crop, since it is part of the nutritional demand studies, and allows the knowledge of the amount of nutrients that the plant uses in each phenological stage, so it is required the representative during the life cycle of the plant sequential sampling (Castro et al., 2004). For the generation of the curve extraction techniques have been adopted supply of nutrients that allow good control of the availability of data, such as soilless (Tagliavini et al., 2005), this implies the use of nutrient solutions with different osmotic potential (different availability or concentration of nutrients), and thereby to determine the best expression of crop yield (Castro et al., 2004).
The above, serves as a basis for establishing fertilization programs in order to maximize crop efficiency (Azofeifa and Moreira, 2005), as well as to reduce the negative environmental impact of nutrient losses from cropping systems. In order to analyze the effect of four nutrient solution osmotic potentials on the accumulation of fresh and dry matter, and nutritional extraction of N, P and K in ‘Pakistan’ coriander plants during the experiment its growth until flowering, for which the hydroponic system with inert substrate (tezontle) and drip irrigation was used, according to Sánchez (2004).
Materials and methods
The present investigation was carried out in the Academic Unit of Agriculture of the Autonomous University of Nayarit, in a unimodular greenhouse with plastic cover and antiafid mesh walls. The average relative humidity was 65%, the minimum and maximum temperature averages were 22 and 34 °C, respectively and an average photosynthetically active radiation of 328 μmol m-2 s-1.
On October 20, 2013, three equal-size coriander ‘Pakistan’ seeds were placed in each well of a 200-well polystyrene seedling, which contained the mixture of canadian peat plus vermiculite in a 4:1, v/v ratio. The germination occurred on the sixth day after sowing (dds). The irrigation was performed once a day with nutrient solution formulated by Steiner (1984) with an osmotic potential of 0.018 MPa. At 35 dds, the transplantation was carried out in 20*25 cm black polyethylene bags. The substrate used was red tezontle, with particle size between 1 to 10 mm in diameter. The bags were accommodated in a double row, at a distance of 20 cm between plants and 60 cm between aisles. After the transplant began the application of nutrient solutions with osmotic potential of 0.018, 0.036, 0.054 and 0.072 MPa. The irrigation was by dripping and 25 mL per bag per day was applied from the transplant until 10 ddt, then 50 mL until 20 ddt, and 100 mL from 21 to 60 ddt, distributed from one to four irrigations, and one 25 mL per irrigation. From the 61 ddt was applied 200 mL distributed in four irrigations with an expense of 50 mL per irrigation, and considering a mean fraction of leaching of 20%.
The nutrient solutions were prepared with Ca(NO3)2 4H2O, KNO3, MgSO4 7H2O, KH2PO4, K2SO4, HNO3 and micronutrients (Table 1). For the micronutrients for a mother solution was prepared: 2.8 g L-1 of H3BO3, 2.2 g L-1 of MnSO4 4H2O, 0.4 g L-1 of ZnSO4 7H2O, 0.08 g L-1 of CuSO4 5H2O, 0.1 g L-1 of Na2MoO4 and 3 mg L-1 of Fe-EDTA. From this solution was used 1 mL per liter of nutrient solution. In the calculation of the fertilizer requirement, water analysis was considered to obtain the osmotic potential indicated in each nutrient solution.
Table 1 Concentration of nutrients in the nutrient solutions used.
Ψs= potencial osmótico; CE= conductividad eléctrica.
The pH of the solutions was adjusted to 5.5. At 10 days after transplantation (ddt), the application Captan® was made at 0.5 g L-1. The experimental unit consisted of one bag, each with three plants at the time of transplantation, and the design was completely randomized with 30 replicates for the growth variables, and five replicates for the nutritional determinations.
The sampling was performed every 10 days from the transplant for growth variables, and every 20 days for nutritional content. The height of the plant was measured; for fresh material was cut the ground level of the substrate and weighed on an electronic balance Torrey® Model L-EQ (±1g of accuracy) then dried in an oven with circulating Blue M® model SW-17TA hot air 60 °C for 72 h (constant weight). The dry matter is weighed with an analytical balance Precisa® model 1200C BJ (± 0.001 g of accuracy). The SPAD readings were taken with the SPAD 502 Minolta LTD on the sheets with the representative size of each plants in each bag (freshly ripe leaves).
For the determination of nutrients the freshly ripened leaves were washed with distilled water, dried and ground. The total N was determined by the micro Kjeldahl method (Alcántar-González and Sandoval-Villa, 1999). P was measured with vanadate yellow molybdate method using a UV-Visible Thermo Fisher Scientific Model GenesysTM20® spectrophotometer, while the concentration of K was determined in a Sherwood flammeometer model 410® (Cambridge, UK). The Analysis of variance and comparison of means (Tukey, p≤ 0.05) was implemented with SAS (SAS, 1999) program. By regression the N, P and K accumulation models were obtained; subsequently, nutritional extraction curves were generated.
Results and discussion
Growth variables
For the consumer an important feature of fresh coriander is the length or height of the foliage, which will depend on the destination market. For the export of coriander, the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA, 2007) suggest that the length of the deck should be greater than 17 cm, but not a maximum value. In Mexico, the approximate height of coriander in supermarkets is 20 cm, and in markets on wheels can be found up to 30 to 35 cm on average, which is more common to consume. According to Table 2, up to 20 ddt the coriander plants reached a height of approximately 19 cm, where plants irrigated with solutions with osmotic potential equal to or greater than 0.036 MPa presented a 13% higher height in relation to those irrigated with solution with an osmotic potential of 0.018 MPa. The height of the 30 cm plant was reached at 30 ddt with solutions with osmotic potential equal to or greater than 0.054 MPa; however, the height continued in increased through to 90 ddt. The height reached at both 20 and 30 ddt was sufficient to meet the above deck length requirement.
Table 2 Height of the plant (cm) of Coriandrum sativum ‘Pakistan’, depending on the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution.
*= Medias con la misma letra en columna, son estadísticamente iguales; Ψs= potencial osmótico.
The fresh matter and dry matter obtained with the solutions with osmotic potential equal to or greater than 0.054 MPa was 30 to 50% higher in relation to that obtained with the solutions with osmotic potential of 0.018 MPa and 0.036, from 10 ddt (Table 3). Also, it was observed that the treatments differed statistically in greater degree from the 40 ddt until the beginning of the flowering was registered at 70 ddt.
Table 3 Fresh matter, dry matter and SPAD readings in Coriandrum sativum ‘Pakistan’ cultivated with different osmotic potential of the nutrient solution.
*= Medias con la misma letra dentro de columna, son estadísticamente iguales; Ψs = potencial osmótico.
The greater weight of the fresh and dry matter of the irrigated plants with the osmotic potentials of 0.054 and 0.072 MPa were attributed to a higher plant height and greater amount of foliage up to 70 ddt, since a positive correlation was generated between the height of plant and fresh matter (r= 0.688; p≤ 0.01) between plant height and dry matter (r= 0.6443; p= 0.02) and between fresh matter and fresh matter (r= 0.8464; p≤ 0.05). Whereas for the 90 ddt, the weight of the fresh and dry matter could also be due to the weight of the inflorescences.
Studies on levels of the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution and its relation to the growth of aromatic plants are few. In this regard, Carrasco et al. (2007) reported higher growth and increased production of fresh matter of the aerial part of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with 0.054 MPa osmotic potential of the nutrient solution compared with 0.108 and 0.162 MPa. The above, is similar to the present research where the highest production of fresh and dry matter was obtained with 0.054 and 0.072 MPa. For his part, Calderon et al. (2011) showed an increase in weight of dry matter of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) higher nutrient concentration of the nutrient solution Hoagland and Arnon, where the osmotic potential was 0.054 to 0.072 MPa. Meanwhile, Mollafilabi and Hosseini (2013) reported increased air dry matter and plant height Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) with 60 kg ha-1 of N compared to 30 and 90 kg ha-1. The same happened with the fresh and dry matter of growing mint (Mentha arvensis L.) by varying the concentration of N (Kiran and Patra, 2003).
The amount of dry matter, as well as the time to obtain it, depends on several factors, in addition to nutritional. Donega et al. (2013) report that the production of dry matter of the aerial part was different between genotypes Coriandrum grown in greenhouses. Therefore, the results obtained in the present study may vary with respect to other studies.
The results of Tables 2 and 3 indicate that the Steiner solution with osmotic potential of 0.036 MPa can be used from the beginning of the growth of the coriander ‛Pakistan’ seedling, and once the height near 20 cm has been applied the solution with osmotic potential at 0.054 MPa for obtaining 30 cm of height for fresh consumption. If the interest is seed production it is recommended to explore the solution with osmotic potential 0.072 MPa or greater to this one, since at 90 ddt the highest material was recorded in this treatment.
In reference to the SPAD readings at 10 ddt, solutions with osmotic potential equal to or greater than 0.036 MPa were equal to each other, and different in relation to those obtained with 0.018 MPa (Table 3). As time passed the SPAD readings obtained with solutions with osmotic potential equal to or greater than 0.054 MPa differed from those obtained with solutions with osmotic potential of 0.018 and 0.036 MPa, just as the solution at 0.036 MPa was different from Solution at 0.018 MPa. This is consistent with those reported by Calderon et al. (2011), who indicate a gradual increase of the SPAD readings in oregano leaves according to the concentration of N, given the increase in the osmotic potential in the nutrient solution used with 0.018 to 0.072 MPa.
Nutritional concentration
The concentration of N was affected by the treatments (Table 4). At 10 ddt, plants treated with the solution with osmotic potential equal to or greater than 0.036 MPa showed equal concentration of N among each other, but were higher by 34% in relation to plants irrigated with nutrient solution with 0.018 MPa.
Table 4 Concentration (%) of N, P and K in Coriandrum sativum ‘Pakistan’ according to the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution.
*= Medias con la misma letra son estadísticamente iguales; Ψs= potencial osmótico.
At higher plant age, irrigated plants were distinguished with solutions with osmotic potential equal to or greater than 0.054 MPa, with a 15% higher concentration, compared to the other solutions. In this connection, Ramírez et al. (2003) observed in the cultivation of celery (Apium graveolens L.) greater concentration of N in leaf tissue, a greater amount of N applied. This was also observed in the potato crop (Badr et al., 2011). Moreover, studies in maize and coffee which has been linked N concentration in plant tissue, with the doses of N applied and SPAD reading (Torres et al., 2005; González et al., 2009).
In this research the SPAD readings remained positive correlation with the concentration of N (r= 0.6825; p≤ 0.01). Between strawberry and dry matter with plant height (r= 0.846; p≤ 0.005), and between plant height; also, correlation between fresh and dry matter (r= 0.666; p≤ 0.01), was found with the concentration of N (r = 0.788; p≤ 0.05). This agrees with Daneshian and Ghaemmaghami (2012), who indicate that the growth of the aromatic herbs maintains high correlation with the application of N.
Meanwhile, SPAD readings kept positive correlation with fresh material (r= 0.5377; p≤ 0.07), dry matter (r= 0.772; p≤ 0.03) and plant height (r= 0.5723; p≤ 0.05). In relation to P (Table 4), plants irrigated with solutions whose potential was equal to or greater than 0.036 MPa maintained the highest concentration, approximately 21%, this at 30 and 50 ddt; however, in samplings at 70 and 90 ddt, the concentration was higher only in the plants treated with the 0.072 MPa solution of osmotic potential. Between the osmotic potentials 0.018 and 0.036 MPa no differences were observed. In study by Moreira et al. (2005), the increase in P concentration in marigold leaf tissue was shown by the increase of P concentration in solution.
As for K, plants irrigated with solutions with osmotic potential equal to or greater than 0.054 MPa expressed the highest concentration (10 to 22%) from 10 to 90 ddt, a trend similar to that presented by N (Table 4). Studies of the effect of variation of the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution on the content of K in aromatic plants is scarce; however, it has been observed in other crops such as tomato (Licopersicum esculentum L.). In this regard, Cruz et al. (2012) found an increase in K concentration in tomato foliage with the Steiner solution with 0.036 MPa, without difference of this with respect to the osmotic potential of 0.054 and 0.072 MPa. Hernández et al. (2009), evaluated the ratios 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5 and 1:3 of N:K in tomato culture, and detected a significant increase in leaf K when the N:K ratio changed from 1:1.5 to 1:2, while a higher proportion of K found no difference.
Extraction of N, P and K
With the above mentioned and considering the commercial height of 30 cm; i.e. the data generated at 30 ddt, the absorption, index and nutritional extraction model of N, P and K were calculated (Table 5). The rate of nutrient extraction, amount of nutrient required to produce a ton of product, it is necessary to design programs fertilization in the open, since along with the value of expected return is possible to calculate the nutrient demand of the crop (Castro et al., 2004). The order of nutrient extraction coriander accumulated over time was K> N> P (Figure 1), which coincides with that reported by (Donega et al., 2013).
Table 5 Absorption, index and model extraction rate of N, P and K in Coriandrum sativum ‘Pakistan’ for the commercial height of 30 cm (30 ddt).
IEN= índice de extracción nutrimental.
Figure 1 Curves of nutrient extraction of N, P and K of Coriandrum sativum ‘Pakistan’ irrigated with nutrient solution with osmotic potential 0.054 MPa for 10 ddt to bloom.
The mathematical functions for the extraction curves of N, P and K are shown in Table 5, where it can be seen that both the coefficient of determination and the significance were acceptable. The variable “x” represents the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution, so that in the case of P it was obtained that by the increase in one unit of the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution the increase of P in the leaf tissue is of 0.623 g kg-1 dry matter; while for K the increase is 3.43 g kg-1 dry matter.
For the case of N, an expression was obtained indicating an increase in the N concentration in the foliar tissue by increment in one unit of the osmotic potential, whose minimum value was 4.22 g kg-1 with 0.054 MPa, 0.072 MPa more with N concentration decreased. This is of importance since the nutrient concentration in the leaf tissue is related to the yield of fresh and dry matter. Therefore, obtaining nutrient extraction rates and nutritional extraction curves of the coriander crop will allow better design of fertilization programs in the open field.
It was notorious that the uptake of N, P and K was low up to the first 30 ddt (Figure 1). In this regard, Ramírez et al. (2003), reported that celery showed low N uptake during the first half of the development cycle, at approximately 42 ddt, which is related to the coriander culture of the present investigation up to 30 ddt. After 50 ddt, both N, P and K were absorbed on average to 63% of the total and 84% at 70 ddt, which coincided with the onset of flowering of coriander.
Conclusions
For commercial height of 30 cm and good performance of fresh matter in Coriandrun sativum L. ‘Pakistan’ grown in hydroponic and greenhouse conditions should be applied during the first 30 days after transplantation the nutrient solution with osmotic potential 0.054 MPa; also to apply the same solution after the 30 days of transplant until the 50 ddt, since for flower production or in its case of seeds it is necessary to study nutritive solutions with greater osmotic potential.
With the osmotic potential of 0.054 and 0.072 MPa of the nutrient solution, the highest concentration of N and P foliar was obtained from 10 days after transplanting to flowering; while the highest concentration of P was reached with 0.036 MPa until the 50 days after transplant, after the beginning of flowering the highest concentration was with 0.072 MPa.
The cumulative extraction and nutrimental order was 55.38, 4.74, and 0.69 kg t-1 of K, N and P, respectively; while accumulated extraction of N, P and K nutrients increased through the growth cycle of the coriander ‘Pakistan’ plant.
Literatura citada
Alcántar, G. G. y Sandoval, V. M. 1999. Manual de análisis químico de tejido vegetal. Guía de muestreo, preparación, análisis e interpretación. Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A. C. Chapingo, México. Publicación especial Núm. 10. 156 p. [ Links ]
Arizio, O. and Curioni, A. 2011. Mercado mundial y regional de coriandro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Hortíc. 5(2):263-278. [ Links ]
Azofeifa, A. y Moreira, M. A. 2005. Absorción y distribución de nutrimentos en plantas de chile dulce (Capsicum annuum CV. UCR 589) en Alajuela, Costa Rica. Agron. Costarrica. 29(1):77-84. [ Links ]
Badr, M. A.; Taalab, A. S. and Tohamy, W. A. 2011. Nitrogen application rate and fertigation frequency for drip-irrigated potato. Austr. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5(7):817-825. [ Links ]
Bugarín, M. R.; Virgen, P. M.; Galvis, E. A.; García, P. D. Hernández, M. T.; Bojórquez, S. I. y Madueño, M. A. 2011. Extracción de nitrógeno en seis especies olerícolas durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Revista Bioagro. 23(2):93-98. [ Links ]
Calderón, M. L. A.; Bernal, R. A. M. y Pérez, T. M. M. 2011. Ensayo preliminar sobre la utilización de un medidor portátil de clorofila para estimar el nitrógeno foliar en orégano (Origanum vulgare L). Rev. Facultad de Ciencias Básicas. 7(2):150-165. [ Links ]
Carrasco, G.; Ramírez, P. y Vogel, H. 2007. Efecto de la conductividad eléctrica de la solución nutritiva sobre el rendimiento y contenido de aceite esencial en albahaca cultivada en NFT. [ Links ]
Carrubba, A. 2009. Nitrogen fertilization in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): a review and meta-analysis. J. Sci. Food Agric. 89(6):921-926. [ Links ]
Castro, B. R.; Galvis, S. A.; Sánchez, G. P.; Peña, L. A.; Sandoval, V. M. y Alcántar, G. G. 2004. Demanda de nitrógeno en tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). Rev. Chapingo Ser. Hortic. 10(2):147-152. [ Links ]
Cruz, C. E.; Sandoval V. M.; Volke H. V. H.; Can C. A. y Sánchez, E. J. 2012. Efecto de mezclas de sustratos y concentración de la solución nutritiva en el crecimiento y rendimiento de tomate. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. 3(7):1361-1373. [ Links ]
Daneshian, A. M. and Ghaemmaghami, S. 2012. Essential oil and herb yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under selected plantings and nitrogen treatments. Acta Hortic. 964(1):115-120. [ Links ]
Donega, M. A.; Mello, S. C.; Morales, R. M. and Cantrell, Ch. L. 2013. Nutrient uptake, biomass yield and quantitative analysis of aliphatic aldehydes in cilantro plants. Industrial Crops and Products. 44: 127-131. [ Links ]
González, T. A.; Figueroa, V. U.; Delgado, J.; Hernández, N. G.; Cueto, W. J.; Preciado, R. P. y Palomo, G. A. 2009. Calibración del SPAD-502 para evaluar requerimientos de nitrógeno en maíz forrajero. Terra Latinoam. 27(1):303-309. [ Links ]
González, G. J. L.; Rodríguez, M. M. N.; Sánchez-García, P. and Gaytán-Acuña, E. A. 2009. Ammonium/nitrate ratio in the production of aromatic herbs in hydroponics. Agric. Téc. México. 35(1):5-11. [ Links ]
Hernández, M. I.; Chailloux, M.; Moreno, V.; Mojena, M. y Salgado, J. M. 2009. Relaciones nitrógeno-potasio en fertirriego para el cultivo protegido del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) y su efecto en la acumulación de materia y extracción de nutrientes. Cultivos tropicales. 30(4):71-78. [ Links ]
IICA (Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura). 2007. Guía práctica de exportación de cilantro a los Estados Unidos. Managua, Nicaragua. 11 p. [ Links ]
Kiran, U. and Patra, D. D. 2003. Medicinal and aromatic plant materials as nitrification inhibitors for augmenting yield and nitrogen uptake of japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. Var. Piperascens). Bio. Technol. 86(1):267-276. [ Links ]
Lubbe, A. and Verpoorte, R. 2011. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for specialty industrial materials. Industrial Crops and Products. 34:785- 801. [ Links ]
Mendoza, P. C.; Sifuentes, I. E. and Ramírez, A. C. 2015. Curvas de demanda nutrimental del cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) de la variedad fianna. Rev. Inter. Inv. Inno. Tecnol. 3(16):1-8. [ Links ]
Mollafilabi, A. and Hosseini, H. 2013. Effect of different seed rates and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of calendula (Calendula officinalis). Acta Hortic. 997(1):43-50. [ Links ]
Moreira, P. A.; Marchetti, M. E.; Vieira, M. C.; Novelino, J. O.; Goncalves, M. C. e Robaina, A. D. 2005. Desenvolvimento vegetativo e teor foliar de macronutrientes da calêndula (Calendula officinalis L.) adubada com nitrogênio e fósforo. Rev. Bras. Plantas Medicinals. 8(1):18-23. [ Links ]
Nadeem, M.; Anjum, F. M.; Khan, M. I.; Tehseen, S.; El-Ghorab, A. and Sultan, J. I. 2013. Nutritional and medicinal aspects of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) a review. British Food J. 115(5):743-755. [ Links ]
Parthasarathy, V. A. and Zachariah, T. J. 2008. Coriander. In: chemistry of spices. Parthasarathy, V. A.; Chempakam, B. and Zachariah, T. J. (Eds.). Primera edición. CAB International. London, UK. 190-210 pp. [ Links ]
Ram, D.; Ram, M. and Singh, R. 2006. Optimization of water and nitrogen application to menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) through sugarcane trash mulch in a sandy loam soil of semi-arid subtropical climate. Bio. Technol. 97:886-893. [ Links ]
Ramírez, M. P.; Castellanos, J. Z.; Sánchez, G. P.; Galvis, S. A.; Martínez, G. A. y Tijerina, Ch. L. 2003. Fertilización nitrogenada y patrón de absorción nutrimental del apio en fertirriego. Terra Latinoam. 21(1):101-108. [ Links ]
Sahib, N. G.; Anwar, F.; Gilani, A. H.; Hamid, A. A.; Saari, A. and Alkharfy, K. M. 2013. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): a potential source of high-value components for functional foods and nutraceuticals- a review. Phytotherapy Res. 27(10):1439-1456. [ Links ]
Sánchez, P. A. 2004. Análisis y diagnóstico nutricional en los cultivos. In: tratado de cultivo sin suelo. Urrestarazu, G. M. M. (Coord.). Tercera edición. Editorial Mundi Prensa. Madrid, España. 49-79 pp. [ Links ]
SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 1999. Version 8 User’‚s guide. Institute Inc. Cary NC. USA. 584 p. [ Links ]
SIAP (Sistema de información agroalimentaria y pesquera). 2014. Producción agrícola, cíclicos y perenes modalidad riego más temporal. [ Links ]
Srivastava, R. K.; Singh, A. K.; Kalra, A.; Tomar, V. K. S.; Bansal, R. P.; Patra, D. D.; Chand, S.; Naqvi, A. A.; Sharma, S. and Sushil, K. 2002. Characteristics of menthol mint Mentha arvensis cultivated on industrial scale in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Industrial Crops and Products. 15:189-198. [ Links ]
Steiner, A. A. 1984. The universal solution. Proceedings of 6th International Congress on Soilless Culture. ISOSC. Lunteren, The Netherlands. 633-649 pp. [ Links ]
Tagliavinia, M.; Baldia, E.; Lucchic, P.; Antonellia, M.; Sorrentia, G.; Baruzzib, G. and Faedib, W. 2005. Dynamics of nutrients uptake by strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch.) grown in soil and soilless cultura. Eur. J. Agron. 23:15-25. [ Links ]
Torres, N. A.; Campostrini, E.; Goncalves de Oliveira, J. and Bressan, S. R. E. 2005. Photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, chlorophylla fluorescence and SPAD-502 readings in coffee leaves. Scientia Hortic. 104(1):199-209. [ Links ]
Received: January 2017; Accepted: March 2017
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
