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Revista mexicana de ciencias forestales
versión impresa ISSN 2007-1132
Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales vol.12 no.63 México ene./feb. 2021 Epub 26-Mar-2021
https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v12i63.709
Scientific article
Effect of clearcutting on tree regeneration diversity in Durango, Mexico
1Tecnologico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de El Salto (ITES). México.
2CIDIR-IPN-Unidad Durango. México.
3Campo Experimental Valle del Guadiana, INIFAP. México.
In order to increase the forest production and productivity in Durango State, clearcuttings with plantations of two pine species were made in natural stands of Pinus and Quercus species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of clearcuttings with plantations in the diversity of tree regeneration. This study was carried out in three commercial plantations in the Ejido La Ciudad Pueblo Nuevo, Durango. Twenty plots of 150 m2 were established at each plantation where the species name and diameter al the base of each individual sapling were recorded. In order to compare the diversity of the regeneration against natural stands that represent the original diversity that sustained the clearcutting areas, ten plots of 0.1 ha were located in the neighboring stands to register species name and diameter al breast height of each individual. Alfa and beta diversity as well as structure were evaluated using species richness, Shannon-Weiner, Jaccard, Sörensen and species importance value indexes. Rarefaction analysis was used to compare species richness and diversity. The rarefaction analysis indicated significant changes in species richness in one of the three plantations; diversity was significantly different in two of the three plantations in regard to the adjacent stands. Clearcutting tends to keep species richness and to modify species diversity.
Key words Pine forest; clearcutting; dominance index; similitude index; forest plantations; rarefaction analysis
Con el propósito de incrementar la producción y productividad de los bosques en el estado de Durango, se realizaron cortas a matarrasa en rodales naturales de Pinus y Quercus que fueron sustituidos por plantaciones con dos especies de Pinus. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de las cortas de matarrasa con plantaciones inmediatas en la diversidad arbórea de la regeneración. El estudio se realizó en tres plantaciones comerciales dentro del ejido La Ciudad, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango; en cada una se establecieron 20 sitios de 150 m2 en donde se registró la especie y el diámetro a la base de cada brinzal. Para comparar la diversidad de las plantaciones con la de los rodales adyacentes, que representan la condición original, se ubicaron diez sitios de 0.1 ha en los que se identificó la especie y se midió el diámetro normal de cada árbol presente. Para evaluar la diversidad alfa y beta se utilizaron los índices de riqueza, abundancia proporcional de Shannon-Wiener, similitud de Jaccard y Sörensen, así como el valor de importancia ecológica. Los cambios significativos en la riqueza y diversidad, se compararon con un análisis de rarefacción; el cual mostró cambios significativos en la riqueza de especies en una de las tres plantaciones, mientras que la diversidad evidenció diferencias significativas en dos de ellas, con respecto a los rodales adyacentes. Las cortas de matarrasa con plantación inmediata mantienen la riqueza de especies, pero modifican la diversidad.
Palabras clave Bosques de pino; cortas totales; índices de dominancia; índices de similitud; plantaciones forestales; rarefacción
Introduction
The study of the causes and effects of natural and man-made forest disturbances are important to develop sustainable management strategies. The current characteristics of a specific habitat are the product from natural and induced events that have occurred in the past (Kneitel, 2010), which have modified the diversity, composition and structure of the forests under management (Kuuluvainen, 2002; Hernández et al., 2013).
When management systems are adopted for the formation of regular forests, the aim is to increase the production and productivity of wood, and the structure and diversity of tree species are simplified (Castellanos et al., 2008). This has been considered as one of the main factors that have promoted the changes and the reduction of ecosystem functions, as well as the limitation of the level of productivity of a site on a spatial and temporal scale (Monárrez et al., 2018).
Regardless of the desired structure (regular or irregular), forest management must consider the production of goods and services in a sustainable way. The main challenge is the management and use of forests and forest lands, conserving biological diversity, productive and regeneration ability through the application of forestry treatments (Aguirre, 2015).
In particular, the clearcutting regeneration method with immediate plantations promotes the renewal of the stand with fast-growing species, thus improving the richness and diversity of trees (Návar and González, 2009). However, in addition to the presence of the planted species, the spontaneous establishment of all the tree species that were there before the application of such cutting may arise, either through seed stored in the ground or from neighboring trees to the cutting area, as well as the vegetative reproduction capacity of some of them (Smith et al., 1997).
This forestry practice included in forest management programs has been carried out in the Pinus and Quercus forests in the state of Durango and has impacted the biodiversity of woods at a local and regional scale (Corral et al., 2005; Solís et al., 2006). Therefore, the objective of this research study was to assess the effect of clearcutting on tree diversity of commercial forest plantations in the La Ciudad ejido, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango.
Materials and Methods
Study area
The climate is semi-cold subhumid with rains in summer with average annual temperature between 5 °C and 12 °C, the temperature of the coldest month varies between -3 °C and 18 °C with a percentage of winter precipitation between 5 and 10.2 % (García, 1973). The Edaphological Chart Series II indicates that the soil is classified as Regosol (INEGI, 2010) and the arboreal vegetation is composed by species of the Pinus and Quercus genera (Soil Use and Vegetation Chart Series VI).
Sample selection
Sampling considered the selection of three areas in which mulch cuttings were applied with immediate planting in the summer of 2010 and the adjacent stands (RA) with tree vegetation established naturally and that represent the conditions that existed within the plantation areas before the application of clearcuttings. The species only planted at spacing of 3 × 3 m were Pinus cooperi Blanco and Pinus durangensis Martínez (50 % for both species), from nurseries in the study region, with one year of age, which are the species with the highest growth and economic value in the region. The plantation areas were named: plantation 1 (P1), with an area of 10.29 ha, plantation 2 (P2) with 12.45 ha and plantation 3 (P3) with 9.43 ha. Starting from the center of each plantation and in the direction of the cardinal and subcardinal points, 20 circular sites of 150 m2 were located at a distance of 25 m between them (60 sites).
In order to evaluate the changes that occurred in the tree diversity of the plantations, a comparison was made of it with the vegetation of the RA, which were called RA1, RA2 and RA3. In function of the same directions of the plantations towards the RA, ten sites of 0.1 ha (30 sites) were located within each one.
At both the plantation and RA sites, all trees were identified by genus and species. In the case of the plantations, the diameter at the base was measured with a Truper™ Caldi-6MP caliper and for the RA the normal diameter at the height of 1.30 m with a Haglöf Mantax 59722 caliper, as the RA had regular diametric structures, with ages close to the forestry shift and, therefore, there is little presence of shoots.
Data analysis
From the information on the number of new species per site, the accumulated richness curves were obtained, to left that the sampling effort was enough and included most of the species present both in the plantations and in the RAs (Dzib et al., 2014).
The description and comparison of the alpha diversity of the plantations and
the RAs was carried out with the species richness indexes
(S) and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (
To evaluate the occurrence of significant changes in S and
Similitude indexes
To evaluate the level of species replacement, originated by the application
of clearcutting with plantations against the RA, the qualitative similitude
indexes of Jaccard (
Where:
The range of values of both indices goes from zero when there are no shared
species, up to one, when the two sites share the same species. The
Importance Value Index
The species importance value index (IVI) was estimated to
evaluate the existence of structural changes in the species composition as a
consequence of the application of the slaughterhouse cut with plantation.
The IVI, developed by Curtis
and McIntosh (1951), consists of adding the relative values of
density (
Where:
Results and Discussion
Richness and diversity
The number of species in a community is an expression by which a quick and easy estimate of diversity is obtained (Jiménez, 2000). Figure 2 shows the starting point of the upper asymptote of the species accumulation curves, deducing that the sample size was sufficient to record the richness of species present in the plantations and in the adjacent stands (Magurran, 2004).
Within the study area (plantations and adjacent stands), a total of eight species were recorded, distributed in the Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus and Arbutus genera. Between P3 and RA3 the greatest difference of species (two species) was detected, while P2 and RA2 differed only by one species, and no differences were found between P1 and RA1 (Table 1). In general terms, the total species richness recorded in this research is greater than the seven recorded by Hernández et al. (2013) for the forests of Chihuahua. In a similar way, Návar and González (2009) calculated 7 to 7.8 species average in areas without forestry treatment (0 % removal) in a study carried out in temperate forests of Durango. Likewise, they determined a gradual decrease in the number of species as the percentage of removal from the basal area increased, which was calculated up to 5.7 species on average with the clearcutting treatment (100 % removal).
No. | Species | P1 | P2 | P3 | RA1 | RA2 | RA3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Arbutus xalapensis Kunth | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
2 | Juniperus deppeana Steud. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
3 | Pinus cooperi Blanco | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
4 | Pinus durangensis Martínez | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
5 | Pinus engelmannii Carr. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
6 | Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
7 | Quercus rugosa Nee | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
8 | Quercus sideroxyla Humb.& Bonpl. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Total number of species | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 |
P1 = Plantation 1; RA1 = Adjacent stand 1; P2 = Plantation 2; RA2 = Adjacent stand 2; P3 = Plantation 3; RA3 = Adjacent stand 3; 1 = Present; 0 = Absent.
The rarefaction curves indicate that the species richness of P3 is significantly lower than that of RA3. This agrees with the studies by Corral et al. (2005) and Vásquez-Cortez et al. (2018) coincided in the argument that the number of species that are shared can decrease in an area when carrying out forestry treatments. The curves of P1 and P2 with their adjacent stands indicate that the richness of species tends to maintain significantly the same number of taxa compared to the adjacent stands (Figure 3). In this sense, Leyva-López et al. (2010) and Hernández et al. (2013) pointed out that the application of intensive felling to promote regeneration (parent trees) does not only guarantee the establishment of the renewal of trees of the genus selected as parent tree, because within the intervened areas there are other species with different regeneration mechanisms. In this study, not only planted species of Pinus were established in both P1 and P2, but also the emergence of other pine species was confirmed.
In Figure 4 it is observed that there is no overlap in the confidence intervals in the Shannon proportional diversity index between the P2 and P3 plantations with their respective adjacent stands, which shows that there are significant differences between the forest diversity of these plantations and its adjacent stands. While between P1 and RA1 no significant changes were observed, indicating that both species richness and their proportion were similar.
For P2 and its RA, the rarefaction curves based on species richness did not
confirm significant differences (Figure
3). However, if they existed for
Similtude indexes
When evaluating the similarity of the species present in the plantations with the adjacent stands, the Jaccard and Sörensen indexes supported the fact that the species composition between P3 and RA3 has greater similitude (five species in common) compared to the other plantations and its adjacent stands, which were less similar (Table 2).
P vs RA | I J | I S |
---|---|---|
1 | 0.66 | 0.80 |
2 | 0.57 | 0.72 |
3 | 0.71 | 0.83 |
P = Plantation; RA = Adjacent stand; I J = Jaccard similitude index; I S = Sorensen similitude index.
Of the total number of species rerecorded in the study area, P. durangensis, P. cooperi, Quercus sideroxyla Humb.& Bonpl. and Juniperus deppeana Steud. are present both in the plantations and in the RAs (Table 1). In regard to the species registered in the areas treated with cuttings, most of the individuals of P. durangensis and P. cooperi come, mainly, from the plantation, while Q. sideroxyla, Q. rugosa Née, J. deppeana and Artus xalapensis Kunth sprouted by seeds contained in the soil or by vegetative reproduction. In this sense, the similarity of species as well as the difference in the number of them can be explained from the establishment and development strategies that each species shows in response to the kind and degree of disturbance to which it was exposed (Leyva-López et al., 2010).
On the other hand, Hernández et al. (2013) determined that
as the forest mass prospers after being intervened, a smaller number of
species are shared, but their richness in the forest is maintained. This
coincides with this study, although the similarity between P2 and RA2 was
0.57 for
Importance Value Index
If RAs are considered as the original condition and that it was modified by the plantations, it is observed that P. cooperi remained as the species with the highest IVI in P2 and RA2; in the same way, P. durangensis did not undergo changes in the IVI between P3 and RA3, but in P1 it displaced P. cooperi from RA1 with the highest IVI. In contrast, the absence of P. engelmannii Carr. and P. leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. stands out in the plantations with respect to their adjacent stands where they were present (Table 3).
Species | P1 | RA1 | P2 | RA2 | P3 | RA3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arbutus xalapensis Kunth | 51.98 | 0.00 | 31.34 | 0.00 | 37.46 | 48.72 |
Juniperus deppeana Steud. | 50.98 | 75.97 | 75.99 | 84.37 | 60.07 | 50.63 |
Pinus cooperi Blanco | 17.14 | 116.84 | 92.39 | 119.51 | 56.55 | 43.57 |
Pinus durangensis Martínez | 130.18 | 47.80 | 39.65 | 51.56 | 91.17 | 52.28 |
Pinus engelmannii Carr. | 0.00 | 21.64 | 0.00 | 17.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 29.10 |
Quercus rugosa Née | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 30.94 |
Quercus sideroxyla Humb.& Bonpl. | 49.70 | 37.74 | 58.64 | 26.90 | 54.72 | 44.72 |
Sum | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 |
P1 = Plantation 1; RA1 = Adjacent stand 1; P2 = Plantation 2; RA2 = Adjacent stand 2; P3 = Plantation 3; RA3 = Adjacent stand 3.
J. deppeana did not undergo considerable modifications in the IVI in any of the plantations. Q. sideroxyla increased its IVI position in the three plantations and A. xalapensis emerged in P1 and P2, but was not identified in their RA (Table 3).
In general, it would be expected that only the species of P. durangensis and P. cooperi would be observed in the plantations in the same proportion as they were plants (50 % for each species). However, it is important to mention that both these species and other native ones can emerge spontaneously by seed deposited in the soil before and during cutting, seed from adjacent stands or the vegetative way, from the new conditions that arise in each area. Based on the above, Oliver and Larson (1996) and Leyva-López et al. (2010) mentioned that the presence of a greater or lesser number of species within the studied areas is due to the capacity of each of them to reproduce or regenerate in a vegetative, as well as its vulnerability to the level of disturbance, stress and competition. Furthermore, Vásquez-Cortez et al. (2018) recognized that the areas surrounding the clearcuttings can limit the dominance of the plants and the loss of tree and shrub diversity.
In regard to Juniperus, Rzedowski (1981); Bakker et al. (1996) and Biondi and Ferrante (2004) mentioned that this genus has the ability to colonize degraded places and is part of secondary vegetation; these trees are early onset and their presence is associated with disturbances caused by human activities. This suggests a possibility of greater repopulation and development of the genus when the level of competition and shade are significantly reduced by silvicultural interventions. In a similar way, Leverkus et al. (2014) stated that Quercus species re-sprout very favorably in burned and degraded areas, which gives them resilience to the forests they comprise.
On the other hand, although there is little information on the regrowth capacity of Arbutus after cutting, a high incidence of new specimens was observed in the study area. In this regard, Díaz-Hernández et al. (2014) confirmed a high probability of Arbutus regrowth in an area with disturbance caused by a forest fire.
Conclusions
The results of this study support the conclusion that clearcuttings with plantations carried out in mixed forests can keep species richness; however, diversity is significantly affected in two of the three plantations with in regard to their adjacent stands.
Despite the fact that all tree species were completely removed in the cuttings and only specimens of P. durangensis and P. cooperi were planted, the similarity of species between the plantations and the adjacent stands is high, due to the spontaneous emergence from other native species present before felling and under the influence of neighboring stands. This allowed the importance value index of the species to maintain a similar structure, hierarchy and dominance between the species of the plantations and the adjacent stands.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Prestación de Servicios Ejidales Unit (UPSE) from El Salto, Durango, for the facilities provided for the collection of field data, as well as for the information about the study area.
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Received: December 06, 2019; Accepted: September 28, 2020