Research
Magnetohydrodynamic Jeffrey nanoliquid flow with thermally radiative
Newtonian heat and mass species
aDepartment of Mathematics, COMSATS
University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan.
Abastract
This study characterizes the properties of Newtonian heat and mass species
conditions in three-dimensional Jeffrey nanoliquid flow generated by the
movement of thermally radiative surface. The liquid flow is electrically
conducting through the consideration of magnetic field. The aspects of heat
absorption, generation, and thermal radiation are considered in the equation of
energy conservation. The boundary layer phenomenon is employed to obtain the
mathematical expressions of considered physical model. These equations are
solved via homotopic scheme. The convergence of homotopic solutions is validated
by the numerical data. The importance of physical constraints on temperature,
and nanoparticle concentration of liquid is visualized by the graphical
results.
Keywords: Three-dimensional flow; Jeffrey liquid; nanoparticles; Newtonian conditions; bidirectional surface
PACS: 65.80.-g; 82.60.Qr
1. Introduction
Complex liquids have common nature of viscoelasticity. Some examples of complex
viscoelastic liquids include suspensions of colloidal, polymer solutions, and
polymer melts. Such fluids are generally involved in blow, and injection molding,
extrusions, lab on a chip, inkjet printers, and many others. Viscoelastic behavior
of liquids may affect the different aspects of flows like transport, and energy
dissipation, hydraulic resistance, flow stability and mixing performance [1]. Intra and inter molecules reactions of
polymer chains may generate the viscoelasticity. Analysis and modeling of
viscoelastic fluid flows have technical and scientific interests. Researchers of
modern world have paid full attention to elaborate the mechanism of viscoelastic
materials for better quality in industrial manufacturing of products. Many complex
rheological expressions of viscoelastic materials had been developed in the past. A
very fabulous model of viscoelastic liquids is known as Jeffrey fluid. This model
has the features of stress retardation, and relaxation. Various investigators have
adopted this model to discuss the different problems of fluid flows under multiple
situations. For example, Turkyilmazoglu and Pop [2] modeled the flow of Jeffrey fluid due to shrinking or stretching of
surface and express the exact behavior of govern mathematical expressions. Das
et al.[3] disclosed the
nature of thermal magnetic field in stretched Jeffrey liquid flow with transport of
melting heat. Gravitational aspects on Jeffrey liquid flow with solutal and thermal
stratification have been reported by Abbasi et al.[4]. Hayat et al.[5] addressed the convective heating effects in
hydromagnetic stagnant flow of Jeffrey fluid. Qayyum et al. [6] discussed the reactive Jeffrey fluid flow
over variable thickness surface.
Nanofluids have achieved special attention due to their broad applications in modern
science, and technology like glass fiber, electronic chips, micro-computers, wire
drawing, renewable energy sources, engine oils, vehicles, systems of thermal energy
storage, and many others. Some common base liquids such as oil, grease, water, and
ethylene glycol are poor conductors and have lesser thermal efficiency. Researchers
have developed modern technique to augment the thermal performance of such liquids
with insertion of nanoparticles. The involvement of solid particles may alter the
density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity of such liquids. In
nanofluids mechanisms, there are various slip factors include thermophoretic, and
Brownian movement aspects which are responsible to motion of nanoparticles in base
liquids. Concentration of nanoparticles may not be constant due to presence of
velocity slip factor of nanoliquids. Investigators of the modern era have proven
that nanoparticles have an ability of transport energy, and also alter the
thermophysical features. Buongiorno [7] was
the first who explored the forces which have impacts on nanoparticles velocity. He
reported that Brownian movement and thermophoretic are the forces which generate
drift-flux in nanoparticles. After that, different attempts have been made by using
the Buongiorno model to explore the mechanism of such factors under various
circumstances and conditions [8-20].
Here our attention is to discuss the nature of Newtonian heat and mass transportation
in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow of Jeffrey nanoliquid induced by the
bidirectional movement of surface. In the past, the investigators discuss the
various fluid flows problems by only considering the Newtonian heating aspects. They
ignored the Newtonian mass transport effects. In practical situations, heat and mass
transport occur simultaneously and if Newtonian heat phenomenon takes place, then
the importance of Newtonian mass cannot be ignored. Here we considered both
Newtonian heat and mass conditions because the problems of modern industrial
processes. This phenomenon is more realistic,and practical. We also considered the
solar radiation term in energy expression. All the governing equations are tackled
by homotopic procedure [21-26]. The results are plotted for different
values of physical constraints.
2. Governing problems
We assumed the three-dimensional steady-state flow of Jeffrey liquid induced by the
movement of thermally radiative surface (Fig.
1). The impacts of heat absorption, generation, and thermal radiation are
accounted in the expressions of energy. The Newtonian heat and mass species
conditions are imposed at boundary of surface. The equations of considered flow
phenomenon through boundary layer theory are
∂u∂x+∂v∂y+∂w∂z=0,
(1)
u∂u∂x+v∂u∂y+w∂w∂z=υ1+δ1(∂2u∂z2+δ2×(∂u∂z∂2v∂x∂z+∂v∂z∂2v∂y∂z+∂w∂z∂2v∂z2+u∂3u∂x∂z2+v∂3u∂y∂z2+w∂3u∂z3))-σB02ρfu,
(2)
u∂u∂x+v∂u∂y+w∂w∂z=υ1+δ1(∂2v∂z2+δ2×(∂u∂z∂2v∂x∂z+∂v∂z∂2v∂y∂z+∂w∂z∂2v∂z2+u∂3u∂x∂z2+v∂3u∂y∂z2+w∂3u∂z3))-σB02ρfv,
(3)
u∂T∂x+v∂T∂y+w∂T∂z=∂2T∂z2+τ(DB∂C∂z∂T∂z+DTT∞(∂T∂z)2)+1(ρc)f16σ*T∞33k*∂2T∂z2+Q(T-T∞),
(4)
u∂C∂x+v∂C∂y+w∂C∂z=DB∂2C∂z2+DTT∞∂2T∂z2
(5)
where the respective velocity components in the x-, y- and z- directions are denoted by u,
v and w, δ1 the ratio of relaxation to retardation times, δ2 the retardation time, T the fluid temperature, υ=(μ/ρ) the kinematic viscosity, μ the dynamic viscosity of fluid, ρf the density of fluid, σ the electrical conductivity, α the thermal diffusivity, Q>0 the heat generation parameter, and Q<0 represents the heat absorption parameter, τ=((ρc)p/(ρc)f) the ratio of nanoparticle heat capacity, and the base fluid heat
capacity, σ* the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, k* the mean absorption coefficient, DB the Brownian diffusion coefficient, and DT the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient.
The boundary conditions can be written in the following forms:
u=Uw(x)=ax,v=Vw(y)=by,w=0,∂T∂z=-htT,∂C∂z=-hcC,atz=0
(6)
u→0,v→0,T→T∞,C→C∞,asz→∞,
(7)
where a and b are the constants of dimension time inverse, ht conjugate coefficient of heat transport, and hc conjugate coefficient of mass transport.
By employing the following variables
u=dxf'(ξ),v=dyg'(ξ),w=-dv(f'(ξ)+g(ξ)),ξ=zdυ,θ(ξ)=T-T∞T∞,ϕ(ξ)=C-C∞C∞,
(8)
Eq. (1) is satisfied automatically, and Eqs. (2)-(7) can be converted in the
following forms:
f‴+(1+δ1)((f+g)f″-f'2)+De1(f″2-(f+g)f⁗-g'f‴)-(1+λ1)Mf'=0,
(9)
g‴+(1+δ1)((f+g)g″-g'2)+De1(g″2-(f+g)g⁗-f'g‴)-(1+λ1)Mg'=0,
(10)
(1+43TR)θ″+Pr(f+g)θ'+NBθ'φ'+NTθ'2+PrSθ=0,
(11)
φ″+PrLe(f+g)φ'+(NT/NB)θ″=0,
(12)
f=0,g=0,f'=1,g'=δ,θ'=-NH(1-θ(0)),ϕ'=-NC(1-ϕ(0))atη=0,
(13)
f'→0,g'→0,θ→0,ϕ→0asη→∞,
(14)
where De=δ2d is the Deborah number, Mg=(σB02/dρf) the magnetic parameter, α=b/a is a ratio parameter, Pr=υ/α is the Prandtl number, TR=4σT∞3/kk* is the thermal radiation parameter, S=Q/dρcp is the internal heat generation parameter, NB=(τDB/υ) is the Brownian motion parameter, NT=(τDT/υT∞) is the thermophoresis parameter, NH=htυ/d and NC=hCυ/d are the Biot numbers, Le=α/DB is the Lewis number, and prime shows the differentiation with respect to ξ. The local Nusselt number NuRex-1/2 and Sherwood number ShRex-1/2 in dimensionless forms can be described as follows:
NuRex-1/2=NH(1+43TR)(1+1θ(0)),ShRex-1/2=NC(1+1φ(0)),
(15)
in which Rex=uw(x)x/υ is the local Reynolds number.
3. Series solutions
The initial guesses and auxiliary linear operators for present case can be selected
in the forms:
f0(ξ)=1-exp(-ξ),g0(ξ)=δ(1-exp(-ξ)),
(16)
θ0(ξ)=NHexp(-ξ)1+NH,φ(ξ)=NCexp(-ξ)1+NC,
(17)
Lf=f‴-f',Lg=g‴-g',Lθ=θ‴-θ,Lφ=φ‴-φ.
(18)
We observe that the auxiliary linear operators may satisfy the following
expressions
L(f)(E1+E2eξ+E3e-ξ)=0,L(g)(E1+E2eξ+E3e-ξ)=0,L(θ)(E7eξ+E8e-ξ)=0,L(φ)(E9eξ+E10e-ξ)=0,
where Ei(i=1-10) are the arbitrary constants.
4. Analysis of convergence and results
An analytical technique namely homotopy analysis scheme has been implemented to
obtain the solutions of governing mathematical expressions. It is a well-established
fact that convergence of homotopic solutions greatly depends on the proper choice of
auxiliary parameters. We plotted curves at 15th order of deformations to
select the reasonable values of auxiliary parameters ℏf, ℏg, ℏθ and ℏφ. For the presentproblem, the solutions should be convergent in the range
of -0.85≤ℏf≤-0.15, -0.90≤ℏg≤-0.20, -1.20≤ℏθ≤-0.15 and -1.00≤ℏφ≤-0.25 (see Fig. 2). Table I executes that the present solutions
converge from order of deformations. This Table is computed by choosing ℏf=ℏg=ℏθ=ℏφ=-65/100, De=0.4, δ1=0.3, Mg=0.7, Pr=1.5=Le, NB=0.1=NT, NH=0.2=NC, S=0.1, TR=0.3, and δ=0.5. Here we analyzed that the magnitude values of f″(0) are larger in comparison to g″(0), θ'(0) and φ(0).
Table I Convergence of series solutions for different order of approximations
when De=0.4,δ1=0.3,Mg=0.7,Pr=1.5=Le,NB=0.1=NT,NH=0.2=NC,S=0.1,TR=0.3,δ=0.5,and ℏf=ℏg=ℏθ=ℏφ=-65/100
Order of HAM approximations |
-f″(0)
|
-g″(0)
|
-θ'(0)
|
-φ'(0)
|
01 |
1.26661 |
0.64143 |
0.26625 |
0.26777 |
07 |
1.26718 |
0.68497 |
0.28911 |
0.27261 |
12 |
1.26722 |
0.68482 |
0.29060 |
0.27274 |
18 |
1.26727 |
0.68480 |
0.29080 |
0.27279 |
23 |
1.26726 |
0.68489 |
0.29082 |
0.27278 |
28 |
1.26732 |
0.68504 |
0.29081 |
0.27277 |
35 |
1.26732 |
0.68504 |
0.29081 |
0.27277 |
40 |
1.26732 |
0.68504 |
0.29081 |
0.27277 |
Figures 3-10
are produced to elaborate the nature of emerging physical constraints on
temperature θ(ξ) and nano-
particle concentration φ(ξ). Figure 3 clearly describes that an
increment in Deborah number De leads to smaller profiles of θ(ξ), and φ(ξ) Here De directly depends on stress retardation δ2. The stress retardation is stronger with an enhancement in De. Such stronger stress retardation creates a reduction in the profiles θ(ξ), and φ(ξ). The results in the case of fluid liquid can be achieved when De=0, and δ1=0. The features of ratio stress relaxation and stress retardation δ1 on θ(ξ) and φ(ξ) are investigated in Fig. 4. The
curves of θ(ξ) and φ(ξ) are boost up when we use the larger δ1. From physical concept, the higher δ1 implies to larger stress relaxation in comparison to stress retardation.
This fact leads to stronger temperature and nanoparticles concentration against the
larger δ1. Figure 5 incorporates the impacts
of magnetic parameter Mg on θ(ξ), and φ(ξ). This figure clearly executes that an increment in Mg give rise to the profiles of θ(ξ) and φ(ξ). Here the Lorentz force exists due to electrically conducting liquid.
This Lorentz force becomes stronger for larger Mg that resists the flow of liquid. Such resistance in liquid flow leads to
higher temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. Further, the hydrodynamic flow
situation can be created by setting Mg=0. In case of hydrodynamic flow, the profiles of θ(ξ), and φ(ξ) are minimum position.
From Fig. 6, we evaluated the nature of Prandtl
number Pr on θ(ξ), and φ(ξ). The increasing values of Pr correspond to weaker profiles of
temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. The conductivity of liquid is lesser
for higher Pr, and stronger for smaller Pr due to fact the profiles of θ(ξ), and φ(ξ) decay. The proper choice of Pr in manufacturing processes of industry is
very essential because the suitable values of Pr are utilized to provide the best
heat transport rate to achieve the highest quality product. The execution of Lewis
number Le on θ(ξ), and φ(ξ) is presented in Fig. 7. This figure
clearly elucidates that the variations in θ(ξ) are very lesser in comparison to φ(ξ) as we use the larger Le. Moreover, the curves of θ(ξ), and φ(ξ) are decreased for the increasing values of Le. The coefficient of Brownian diffusion becomes weaker for higher Le because it is inversely related to it. Such weaker Brownian coefficient
factor leads to decrement in the profiles of θ(ξ), and φ(ξ).
The impact of parameter of thermophoretic Nt on θ(ξ), and φ(ξ) is discussed through Fig. 8. Figure 8 clearly depicts that profiles of both θ(ξ), and φ(ξ) are risen due to rising values of NT. The stronger NT corresponds to an enhancement in thermal conductivity of liquid due to
consideration of nanoparticles. This higher thermal conductivity factor leads to
higher θ(ξ), and φ(ξ). The change in θ(ξ) for various values of NT are significant as compared to φ(ξ). The increasing values of parameter of Brownian movement NB give risen to the profiles of θ(ξ), and φ(ξ) (see Fig. 9). The liquid
temperature θ(ξ) is boost up by an increment in NB while the curves of φ(ξ) are retarded. In fact, NB is appeared in form of (1/NB) that corresponds to weaker nanoparticle concentration. The nature of
parameter of thermal radiation TR on liquid temperature, and nanoparticle concentration is described in
Fig. 10. Here we investigated that the
presence of TR give risen to θ(ξ), and φ(ξ). The case of absence of radiative effect can be discussed when TR=0. The radiation factor gives more heat to liquid due to which temperature
and concentration are enhanced.
5. Conclusions
This research work executes the features of Newtonian conditions in three-dimensional
Jeffrey liquid flow under the impact of magnetic field, thermal radiation, and
suspension of nanoparticles. We employed the boundary layer concept to govern the
expressions of physical phenomenon. The convergent solutions are developed and
plotted. We observed that the ratio of stress relaxation and stress retardation δ1, and Deborah number De have totally reverse influences on liquid temperature θ(ξ), and nanoparticle concentration ϕ(ξ). An increment in magnetic parameter Mg give risen to the profiles of θ(ξ), and φ(ξ). This phenomenon occurs due to involvement of Lorentz force. The change
in profiles of θ(ξ) for various Pr is significant as compared to profile of temperature in
case of various Le. The liquid temperature, and nanoparticle concentration enhanced by
increasing the values of thermophoretic factor NT. An increase in factor of Brownian movement lead to higher temperature
curves but lower curves of nanoparticle concentration. The involvement of radiation
factor gradually enhanced the temperature of liquid.
References
1 R. Comminal, J.H. Hattel, M.A. Alves, and J. Spangenberg,
Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 237 (2016)
1-15.
[ Links ]
2 M. Turkyilmazoglu, and I. Pop, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 57 (2013) 82-88.
[ Links ]
3 K. Das, N. Acharya, and P.K. Kundu, Alexandria Engineering
Journal 54 (2015) 815-821.
[ Links ]
4 F.M. Abbasi, S.A. Shehzad, T. Hayat, and M.S. Alhuthali,
Journal of Hydrodynamics Series B 28 (2016)
840-849.
[ Links ]
5 T. Hayat , S. Asad, M. Mustafa, and A. Alsaedi, Computers
and Fluids 108 (2015) 179-185.
[ Links ]
6 Qayyum, S. Hayat, T. Alsaedi, A. and Ahmad, B.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 134 (2017)
306-314.
[ Links ]
7 J. Buongiorno, Journal of Heat Transfer-Transactions of
ASME 128 (2006) 240-250.
[ Links ]
8 M. Turkyilmazoglu , European Journal of
Mechanics-B/Fluids 53 (2015) 272-277.
[ Links ]
9 J. Li, L. Liu, L. Zheng, and B. Bin-Mohsin, Journal of the
Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 67 (2016)
226-234.
[ Links ]
10 M. Sheikholeslami, D.D. Ganji, and M.M. Rashidi, Journal
of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 416 (2016)
164-173.
[ Links ]
11 B. Li, W. Zhang, L. Zhu, andL. Zheng , Powder
Technology 310 (2017) 351-358.
[ Links ]
12 A. Rauf, S.A. Shehzad , T. Mushtaq, andT. Hayat , Journal
of Nanofluids 6 (2017) 1134-1142.
[ Links ]
13 K. Hsiao, Energy 130 (2017)
486-499.
[ Links ]
14 M.I. Khan, A. Alsaedi , S.A. Shehzad , andT. Hayat ,
Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2255-2260.
[ Links ]
15 M. Sheikholeslami , A.J. Chamkha, P. Rana, and R. Moradi,
Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017)
2356-2370.
[ Links ]
16 K. Hsiao , International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 112 (2017) 983-990.
[ Links ]
17 T. Hayat , S. Qayyum, S.A. Shehzad , andA. Alsaedi ,
Journal of Molecular Liquids 230 (2017)
641-651.
[ Links ]
18 F.A. Soomro, R. Haq, Z.H. Khan, and Q. Zhang, Chinese
Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 1561-1568
[ Links ]
19 X. Xiong, S. Chen, and B. Yang, Applied Mathematics and
Mechanics 38 (2017) 585-602.
[ Links ]
20 Nagendramma, V. Raju, C.S.K. Mallikarjun, B. Shehzad, S.A. and
Leelarathnam, A. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics-English
(Edition 2018) in press.
[ Links ]
21 S. J. Liao , Homotopy analysis method in nonlinear
differential equations. Springer & Higher Education Press,
(Heidelberg 2012).
[ Links ]
22 M. Turkyilmazoglu , Communications in Nonlinear Science
and Numerical Simulation 17 (2012) 4097-4103.
[ Links ]
23 S. Han, L. Zheng , C. Li, and X. Zhang, Applied
Mathematics Letters 38 (2014) 87-93
[ Links ]
24 S.A. Shehzad , F.M. Abbasi , T. Hayat , and B. Ahmad,
Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
-English Edition 37 (2016) 761-768.
[ Links ]
25 M.A. Meraj, S.A. Shehzad , T. Hayat , F.M. Abbasi , andA. Alsaedi
, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 38 (2017)
557-566
[ Links ]
26 M. Waqas, T. Hayat , S.A. Shehzad , and A. Alseadi,
Physica B: Condensed Matter 529 (2018)
33-40
[ Links ]