SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.14 número2Las dimensiones de la polarización partidista en América LatinaEl Estudio Panel México 2006: midiendo el cambio de opiniones durante la campaña presidencial índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
Home Pagelista alfabética de revistas  

Servicios Personalizados

Revista

Articulo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • No hay artículos similaresSimilares en SciELO

Compartir


Política y gobierno

versión impresa ISSN 1665-2037

Polít. gob vol.14 no.2 Ciudad de México jul./dic. 2007

 

Ensayo bibliográfico

Representación política en América Latina: el estado de la cuestión y una propuesta de agenda

Political Representation in Latin America: Existing Findings and a Research Agenda

Juan Pablo Luna* 

* Profesor auxiliar, Instituto de Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Campus San Joaquín, av. Vicuña Mackenna 4680, Macul, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Correo electrónico: jlunaf@puc.cl.


Resumen:

Este estudio bibliográfico concluye que el neoinstitucionalismo ha demostrado que las condiciones necesarias para articular representación programática en los sistemas de partido latinoamericanos están ausentes. No obstante, el neoinstitucionalismo posee limitaciones para identificar y explicar los vínculos no programáticos entre votantes y partidos. La subordinación del concepto de “representación programática” a una noción unidimensional de “institucionalización”, el foco en instituciones formales y la utilización de datos agregados en comparaciones transnacionales constituyen sus principales debilidades. Como alternativa, se propone desarrollar comparaciones de varios niveles para describir los vínculos necesariamente heterogéneos que un partido estructura con distintos segmentos sociales; recuperando como factores explicativos las variables de economía política, las instituciones informales y las trayectorias histórico-institucionales.

Palabras clave: representación política; democracia; vínculos entre candidatos y votantes; partidos políticos; América Latina

Abstract:

This review essay concludes that the neo-institutionalist literature shows that the necessary preconditions for programmatic representation do not exist in Latin America. The inability to explain non-programmatic links between voters and political parties limits neo-institutional research. Existing work suffers because it narrows the study of programmatic representation to party institutionalization, because it focuses on formal institutions, and because it relies too heavily upon the use of aggregate data in cross-national studies to study the party systems of the region. This essay suggests that future studies of parties use multi-level comparisons to describe the necessarily heterogeneous linkages that parties craft with different types of voters. It also recommends using political economy to study the informal institutions and historical-institutional trajectories of Latin American political parties.

Key words: political representation; democracy; links between candidates and voters; political parties; Latin America

Referencias bibliográficas

Adams, J. (2001), Party Competition and Responsible Party Government, Ann Arbor, Michigan University Press. [ Links ]

Agüero, Felipe (1998), “Conflicting Assesments of Democratization: Exploring the Fault Lines”, en Felipe Agüero y Jeffrey Stark (eds.), Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America, Miami, North-South Center Press. [ Links ]

Alcántara Saéz, Manuel (2004), ¿Instituciones o máquinas ideológicas? Origen, programa y organización de los partidos políticos latinoamericanos, Barcelona, Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials. [ Links ]

Auyero, Javier (2002), Poor People’s Politics, Durham, Duke University Press. [ Links ]

Barozet, Emmanuelle (2003), “Movilización de recursos y redes sociales en los neopopulismos: hipótesis de trabajo para el caso chileno”, Revista de Ciencia Política, vol. 23, núm. 1, pp. 39-54. [ Links ]

Brusco, Valeria; Nazareno, Marcelo y Stokes, Susan (2004), “Vote-Buying in Argentina”, Latin American Research Review, vol. 39, núm. 2, pp. 66-88. [ Links ]

Burgess, Katrina y Levitsky, Steven (2003), “Explaining Populist Party Adaptation in Latin America. Environmental and Organizational Determinants of Party-Change in Argentina, Mexico, Peru and Bolivia”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 36, núm. 8, pp. 881-911. [ Links ]

Calvo, Ernesto y Murillo, María Victoria (2004), “Who Delivers? Partisan Clients in the Argentine Electoral Market”, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 98, núm. 4, pp. 742-57. [ Links ]

Cavarozzi, Marcelo; Cleaves, Peter; Garretón, Manuel Antonio; Gerreffi, Gary y Hartlyn, Jonathan (2003), Latin America in the Twenty-First Century. Toward a New Sociopolitical Matrix, Boulder, Lyne Rienner. [ Links ]

Collier, David, y Collier, Ruth (1991), Shaping the Political Arena. Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America, Princeton, Princeton University Press. [ Links ]

Colomer, Josep y Luis Escatel (2005), “La dimensión izquierda-derecha en América Latina”, Desarrollo Económico, vol. 45, núm. 177, pp. 123-136. [ Links ]

Coppedge, Michael (1998), “The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems”, Party Politics, núm. 4, pp. 547-568. [ Links ]

______ (2003), “Venezuela: Popular Sovereignty versus Liberal Democracy”, en Jorge Domínguez y Michael Shifter (eds.), Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America. Second Edition, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkings University Press. [ Links ]

Cox, Gary (2004), La coordinación estratégica de los sistemas electorales del mundo: hacer que los votos cuenten, Barcelona, Gedisa. [ Links ]

Dix, Robert (1989), “Cleavage Structures and Party Systems in Latin America”, Comparative Politics, vol. 22, núm. 1, pp. 23-37. [ Links ]

Garcia Guadilla, María Pilar (2002), “Democracy, Decentralization, and Clientelism. New Relationships and Old Practices”, Latin American Perspectives, vol. 29, núm. 5, pp. 90-109. [ Links ]

Gélineau, François (2002), “Presidential Approval in Volatile Contexts: Economic Voting in Argentina, Brasil, and Venezuela”, en Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois. [ Links ]

Gibson, Edward (2004), “Subnational Authoritarianism. Territorial Strategies of Political Control in Democratic Regimes”, en Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia. [ Links ]

Gibson, Edward y Calvo, Ernesto (2001), “Federalism and Low-Maintenance Constituencies: Territorial Dimensions of Economic Reform in Argentina”, Studies in Comparative International Development, vol. 35, núm. 3, pp. 32-55. [ Links ]

Hagopian, Frances (1998), “Democracy and Political Representation in Latin America in the 1990s: Pause, Reorganization, or Decline?”, en Felipe Agüero y Jeffrey Stark (eds.), Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transitional Latin America, Boulder, North-South Center Press, pp. 99-143. [ Links ]

______ (2002), “Economic Liberalization, Political Competition, and Political Representation in Latin America”, Mellon Foundation Sawyer Seminar, “Crises, Choices, and change: The Micro-foundations of the Neo-liberal Turn in Latin America”, Tulane University. [ Links ]

______ (2005), “Conclusions: Government Performance, Political Representation, and Public Perceptions of Contemporary Democracy in Latin America”, en Frances Hagopian y Scott Mainwaring (eds.), The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Advances and Setbacks, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

______ (2006), “Democratización: Avances y Retrocesos en América Latina”, Revista de Ciencia Política, vol. 26, núm. 2, pp. 231-239. [ Links ]

Hansen, David; Hawkins, Kirk y Seawright, Jason (2004), “Dependent Civil Society: The ‘Círculos Bolivarianos’ in Venezuela”, en Annual Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Las Vegas. [ Links ]

Helmke, Gretchen y Levitsky, Steven (2003), “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda”, en Kellogg Working Papers Collection, South Bend. [ Links ]

Huber, Evelyne y Stephens, John (1999), “The Bourgeoisie and Democracy: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives”, Social Research, vol. 66, núm. 3, pp. 759-788. [ Links ]

Kitschelt, Herbert (2000), “Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, núm. 6/7, pp. 845-879. [ Links ]

______ y Wilkinson, Steven (2006), Patrons, Clients, and Policies. Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

______; Mansfeldova, Zdenka; Markowski, Radoslaw y Tóka, Gábor (1999), Post-Communist Party Systems. Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

______; Hawkins, Kirk; Luna, Juan Pablo; Rosas, Guillermo y Zechmeister, Elizabeth-Jean, en preparación, Party Competition in Latin America. Patterns of Programmatic Structuration. [ Links ]

Lechner, Norbert (1998), “The Transformation of Politics”, en Felipe Agüero y Jeffrey Stark (eds.), Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America, Miami, North-South Center Press, pp. 21-40. [ Links ]

Lehoucq, Fabrice (2005), “Costa Rica: Paradise in Doubt”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 16, núm. 3, pp. 140-54. [ Links ]

______ (2007), “Structural Reform, Democratic Governance, and Institutional Design in Latin America”, Comparative Politics, vol. 39, núm. 2, pp. 229-248. [ Links ]

Levitsky, Steve (2003), Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

Lijphart, Arend (2000), Modelos de democracia: formas de gobierno y resultados en treinta y seis países, Barcelona, Editorial Ariel. [ Links ]

Lipset, Seymour M. y Rokkan, Stein (1967), “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Aligments: An Introduction”, en Seymour Martin Lipset y Rokkan (eds.), Party Systems and Voter Aligments: Cross-National Perspectives, Stein, Nueva York, Free Press, pp. 1-64. [ Links ]

Luna, Juan Pablo y Zechmeister, Elizabeth-Jean (2005), “The Quality of Representation in Latin America”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 38, núm. 2, pp. 388-416. [ Links ]

______ (2006), “Party-Voter Linkages in Chile and Uruguay”, PhD. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, UNC-CH. [ Links ]

Madrid, Raúl (2005), “Indigenous Parties and Democracy in Latin America”, Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 47, núm. 4, pp. 161-179. [ Links ]

Magaloni, Beatriz (2005), “The Demise of Mexico’s One-Party Dominant Regime. Elite Choices and the Masses in the Establishment of Democracy”, en Frances Hagopian y Scott Mainwaring (eds.), The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Advances and Setbacks, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

______; Díaz-Cayeros, Alberto y Estévez, Federico (2006), “Clientelism and Portfolio Diversification: a model of electoral investment with applications to Mexico”, en Herbert Kitschelt y Steven Wilkinson (eds.), Patrons, Clients, and Policies. Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 182-205 [ Links ]

Mainwaring, Scott (2006), “State Deficiencies, Party Competition, and Confidence in Democratic Representation in the Andes”, en Scott Mainwaring, Ana María Bejarano y Eduardo Pizarro (eds.), The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes, Standford, Standford University Press. [ Links ]

______; Bejarano, Ana María y Pizarro, Eduardo (2006), The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes, Standford, Standford University Press. [ Links ]

______ y Scully, Timothy (eds.) (1995), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, Stanford, Stanford University Press. [ Links ]

______ y Torcal, Mariano (2005), “Party System Institutionalization and Party System Theory After the Third Wave of Democratization”, en Kellogg Working Papers Collection, South Bend. [ Links ]

______ y Zoco, Edurne (2007), “Political Sequences and the Stabilization of Interparty Competition: Electoral Volatility in Old and New Democracies”, Party Politics, vol. 13, núm. 2, pp. 155-178. [ Links ]

O’Donnell, Guillermo (1994), “Delegative Democracy”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 5, núm. 1, pp. 55-69. [ Links ]

______ (1997), “Estado y Alianzas en la Argentina 1956-1976”, en Guillermo O’Donnell (ed.), Contrapuntos. Ensayos escogidos sobre autoritarismo y democracia, Buenos Aires, Paidós. [ Links ]

Payne, Mark; Zovatto, Daniel; Carrillo, Fernando y Allamand, Andrés (2003), La política importa: democracia y desarrollo en América Latina, Washington D.C., Inter-American Development Bank, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. [ Links ]

Peruzzotti, Enrique y Smulovitz, Catalina (2002), Controlando a la política. Ciudadanos y medios en las nuevas democracias latinoamericanas, Buenos Aires, Editorial Temas. [ Links ]

PNUD (2004), La democracia en América Latina: hacia una democracia de ciudadanas y ciudadanos, Nueva York, Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. [ Links ]

Powell, G. Bingham Jr. (2004), “Political Representation in Comparative Politics”, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 7, pp. 273-296. [ Links ]

Przeworski, Adam; Stokes, Susan y Manin, Bernard (1999), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

Roberts, Kenneth (1995), “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case”, World Politics, vol. 48, núm. 1, pp. 82-116. [ Links ]

______ (1998), Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru, Stanford, Stanford University Press. [ Links ]

______ (2002), “Social Inequalities Without Class Cleavages in Latin America’s Neoliberal Era”, Studies in Comparative Development, vol. 36, núm. 4, pp. 3-33. [ Links ]

______ (2006), “Populism, Political Conflict, and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America. A Comparison of Fujimori and Chávez”, Comparative Politics, vol. 38, núm. 2, enero. [ Links ]

______ (de próxima aparición), “Political Representation in Latin America’s Neoliberal ‘Critical Juncture’”. [ Links ]

Ruiz Rodríguez, Leticia y García Montero, Mercedes (2003), “Coherencia partidista en las élites parlamentarias latinoamericanas”, Revista Española de Ciencia Política, núm. 8, pp. 71-102. [ Links ]

Schady, Norbert (2000), “The Political Economy of Expenditures by the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODE) 1991-1995”, American Political Science Review, vol. 94, núm. 2, pp. 289-304. [ Links ]

Seligson, M. (2002), “Trouble in Paradise? The Erosion of System Support in Costa Rica. 1978-1999”, Latin American Research Review, vol. 37, núm. 2, pp. 160-85. [ Links ]

Sives, Amanda (2002), “Changing Patrons, from Politician to Drug-Don. Clientelism in Kingston, Jamaica”, Latin American Perspectives, vol. 29, núm. 5, pp. 90-109. [ Links ]

Stokes, Susan (2001), Mandates and Democracy. Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

______ (2005), “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence From Argentina”, American Political Science Review, vol. 99, núm. 3, pp. 315-327. [ Links ]

Valenzuela, A. (1977), Political Brokers in Chile: Local Government in a Centralized Polity, Durham, Duke University Press. [ Links ]

Van Cott, Donna Lee (2005), From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

Verdier, Daniel (1995), “The politics of Public Aid to Private Industry: The Role of Policy Networks”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 28, núm. 1, pp. 3-42. [ Links ]

Weyland, Kurt (1996), “Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: Unexpected Affinities”, Studies in Comparative International Development vol. 31, núm. 3, pp. 3-31. [ Links ]

______ (2005), “The Growing Sustainability of Brazil’s Low-Quality Democracy”, en Frances Hagopian y Scott Mainwaring (eds.), The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Advances and Setbacks, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

Yashar, Deborah (2005), Contesting Citizenship in Latin America. The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]

Zurbriggen, Cristina (2006), “El institucionalismo centrado en los actores: Una perspectiva teórica y analítica”, Revista de Ciencia Política, vol. 26, núm. 1, pp. 67-83. [ Links ]

Recibido: Abril de 2006; Aprobado: Marzo de 2007

Creative Commons License Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons