SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.8 número7Métodos cuantitativos, métodos cualitativos o su combinación en la investigación: un acercamiento en las ciencias socialesComportamiento de maíz forrajero aplicando abonos de origen marino como alternativa a la fertilización sintética índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
Home Pagelista alfabética de revistas  

Servicios Personalizados

Revista

Articulo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • No hay artículos similaresSimilares en SciELO

Compartir


Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas

versión impresa ISSN 2007-0934

Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc vol.8 no.7 Texcoco sep./nov. 2017

 

Essays

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) current situation and future trends

Andrés Xingú López1 

Andrés González Huerta1 

Eulogio de la Cruz Torrez2 

Dora Ma. Sangerman-Jarquín3 

Guillermo Orozco de Rosas4 

Martin Rubí Arriaga1  § 

1Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales-Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas-Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM). El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Toluca, México. CP. 50200. (andresxl2000@yahoo.com.mx; agonzalezh@uaemex.mx).

2Departamento de Biología-Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ). Carretera México-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, México. CP. 52750. (eulogio.delacruz@inin.gob.mx).

3Campo Experimental Valle de México-INIFAP. Carretera Los Reyes-Texcoco km 13.5, Coatlinchán, Texcoco, Estado de México. CP. 56250. (sangerman.dorainifap.gob.mx).

4Chíablanca SC de RL, La Paz núm. 54, Colonia Centro, Acatic, Jalisco CP. 45470.


Abstract

The chia is a grain appreciated for its high content of fatty acids, including omega 3 useful for counteracting triglycerides, similarly it is related to weight loss in humans, in pre-hispanic times was required as payment of tribute to the conquering peoples, their seeds were used as a revitalizer for combatants who went to war, and for women who were preparing for childbirth, their use today is common in the preparation of fresh water, in preparation of oil, and as an enricher of baked goods. Its production was lost as a result of the conquest as the Spanish brought new crops, which displaced that of the Chia, condemning it to plant only in very remote areas. Currently the cultivation of chia has had a rebound thanks to its properties, which have allowed to expand its consumption. As México is a place of origin, there are conditions that are conducive to the development of the crop, only the best places and the appropriate practices must be sought to be successful in the development of the crop. Taking into account the above, a bibliographic review was carried out, the objective of this work being to present future and current trends of chia.

Keywords: Salvia hispanica L.; alternative production; nutritional properties

Resumen

La chía es un grano apreciado por su gran contenido de ácidos grasos, entre ellos el omega 3 útil para contrarrestar los triglicéridos, de igual manera se relaciona con la pérdida de peso en el ser humano, en tiempos prehispánicos se requería como pago de tributo a los pueblos conquistadores, las semillas se usaban como revitalizante para los combatientes que partían a la guerra y para las mujeres que se preparaban para el parto, actualmente su uso es común en la preparación de agua fresca, en preparación de pintura (aceite) y como enriquecedor de productos panificados. La producción se perdió a raíz de la conquista ya que los españoles trajeron nuevos cultivos, los cuales fueron desplazando a la chía a sembrase en zonas muy apartadas. Hoy la chía ha tenido un repunte gracias a sus propiedades, las cuales han permitido ampliar su consumo. Siendo México lugar de origen, se cuenta las condiciones propicias para el desarrollo solo hay que buscar los mejores lugares y las practicas apropiadas para tener éxito en el l cultivo. Teniendo en cuenta lo antes expuesto se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, siendo el objetivo del presente trabajo dar a conocer las tendencias futuras y actuales de la chía.

Palabras claves: Salvia hispanica L.; alternativa de producción; propiedades alimenticias

Introduction

The pseudocereals refer to seeds, grains or achenes of plants of the families: Amaranthacee (amarantos), Chenopodiaceae (cañihua), Polygoniaceae (buckwheat) and Lamiaceae in which chia (Salvia hispanica L.) (FAO/WHO, 2016). The genus Salvia is one of the most diverse with about 1 000 species distributed worldwide. México is considered the most diverse place with 500 species, which place it as the second most diverse genus; the salvias have an annual herbaceous growth and perennial, shrub and very rare shrub climber (Ramammorthy, 2001).

Salvia hispanica commonly known as Chia, is an annual native species of Central America, mainly from the mountainous areas of western and central México, as well as from Guatemala (Di Sapio et al., 2012). It is found naturally in areas of oak or pine-oak forests and is distributed in semi-warm and temperate environments of the Transverse Neovolcanic Axis of the Sierras Madre Occidental and southern Chiapas, at altitudes ranging from 1 400 to 2 200 m where is the center of genetic and phenotypic diversity of wild and domesticated chia (Hernández and Colín, 2008). Historically, this species has been cultivated in subtropical, frost-free, and frost-free regions (Capitani, 2013), specifically in the mountainous areas of the Pacific Ocean slope (Beltran and Romero, 2003).

For the Aztecs and Mayas represent an important grain, used: in food, preparation of paintings, preparation of medicines and ceremonial use through offerings (Hernández and Colín, 2008). The numerous culinary, medicinal, artistic and religious uses turned the grain and its flour into the most used raw materials of the time of the Spanish conquest, forming part of the four most important grains: maize (Zea mayz), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), chia (Salvia hispanica) and amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), which formed the basis of the diet (Cahill, 2004).

The production of chia and some other species in pre-columbian México were replaced by cereals mainly, which were introduced by the conquerors, so that thousands of hectares under the control of cultures with strange cultures for the conquerors, collapsed; so that most of these fell into disuse, as they also changed food preferences by giving the change to European eating habits. Native species decreased and chia cultivation was relegated to isolated communities, which were in serious danger of extinction (Ayersa and Coates, 2006).

Chia seeds have been reintroduced into diets to improve human health, and are recommended for high levels of protein, antioxidants, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sodium and zinc), but mainly to its high omega-3 oil content compared to other natural sources known to date (Guiotto et al., 2013).

The production, consumption and demand of chia in México and worldwide has increased significantly in recent years, being a source of oil with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. In México, there is a tendency to increase in the last years, with a gradual increase in the area sown, in 2006 only 15 ha and 2014, 16 721 ha were grown, increasing by 111 473% (SIAP, 2016), this because of the boom and the success that has had, since it is more profitable than the maize and the demand that has had by the nutraceutic properties that characterize it.

International and national production

The Chia began to be commercialized at international level from the nineties. It is grown in Argentina, Mexico, Bolivia, Paraguay and Australia. In 2011-2012 Argentina participated with a production of 35%. While Australia, México, Bolivia and Paraguay participated with 15% and 3 000 ha each (Busilacchi et al., 2015). Recently, Nicaragua and Southeast Asian countries were incorporated as producers (Jamboonsri et al., 2012). The world production has grown rapidly, an example of which is Nicaragua, where chia production increased from, 5 000 quintals in 2013 to 180 000 quintals in 2014.

Table 1 shows the behavior of chia, where it is clear the growth in the area planted, as well as the behavior of price and yield per hectare.

Fuente: SIAP, 2016.

Table 1 Evolution of production of chia in México. 

Production in Mexico is concentrated in Jalisco and Puebla, and new areas with productive potential are being introduced, as shown in Table 2. In Jalisco production is concentrated in the municipalities of Acatic, Cuquío, Ixtlahuacán del Río and Jamay, while in Puebla the producing municipalities are: Atzitzihuatlán, Huaquechula, San Felipe Tepemaxalco and Tochimilco (SIAP, 2016).

SIAP, 2016

Table 2 Distribution chia production in México during the spring-summer of 2014.  

Morphological description

S. hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant, from 1 to 1.5 m in height, with branched stems of quadrangular and hollow section, with short and white pubescences; opposing leaves with serrated edges 80 to 100 mm in length and 40 to 60 mm in width, with different degrees of pubescence. The flowers are hermaphrodite, blue or white, most commonly indehiscent fruits (Capitani et al., 2013) in groups of four monospermic oval clusters 1.5 to 2 mm in length and 1 to 1.2 mm in diameter; (Di Sapio et al., 2012), the weight of 1 000 seeds varies between 0.94 and 1.29 g (Bueno et al., 2010).

It is defined as an autogamous plant, with higher levels of cross-pollination in cultivated chia, than in wild chia, insects are responsible for cross-pollination, obtaining higher yields when there is the presence of bees in the growing area (Cahill, 2004). The most widely used propagation in chia is through seed (Ayerza and Coates, 2006).

Agronomic aspects

The planting of chia is from May to mid-June, to avoid frost. Seed depth is a limiting factor in establishing the crop due to low seed reserves (Migliavacca et al., 2014) and because the seed is small, it requires little depth of planting to emerge successfully, just enough to cover the seed and a maximum of 10 mm (Rojas, 2013). The seed requires moisture to germinate, but already sprouted and established the plants grow well with limited amounts of water because it is a plant with low water consumption and adapted to arid and semi-arid climates (Ayerza and Coates, 2006). It develops adequately in sandy soils with medium texture and good drainage; do not tolerate flooded soils (Coates, 2011).

It is a short-day plant sensitive to photoperiod, presenting favorable response to flowering on short days (Jamboonsri et al., 2012), the growth period is affected by the latitude in which it develops, so the cycle of cultivation varies from 90 to 150 days (Ayerza and Coates, 2006). The appropriate pH for the crop is 6.5 to 7.5, the crop site affects the composition of the seeds due to environmental factors such as temperature, light, soil and available nutrients (Ayerza and Coates, 2004). Seeding is done in rows of 0.7 to 0.8 m of separation, with a seed density of 6 kg of seeds per hectare (Busilacchi et al., 2013). The method of sowing and density influence the growth and yield of chia. The higher the density, the more biomass and therefore the seed yield increases, the more appropriate density is the greater than 40 000 ha-1 plants (Yeboah et al., 2014).

Their seeds present moderate tolerance to saline stress, but when under high salinity the percentage of germination, root length and plant size decreases, therefore it is recommended to avoid the use of chlorinated fertilizers (Dal’maso et al., 2013).

Phytosanitary aspects

Chia contains chemicals (quercetin, kenferol, myricetin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid) that have a preventive effect against disease incidence (Miranda, 2012). The cultivation is attacked by insect pests, of the order hymenoptera that attack the floral bud, defoliating beetles of the order Coleoptera, grasshoppers of the order orthopter and diopsis of the order of dipterans (Yeboah et al., 2014). Other common pests are slugs (Arion ater), snails (Helix aspersa), blind hen (Phyllophaga sp.), Cutter ant (Atta cephalotes), hairy worm (Estigmene acrea) and lobsters (Spodoptera sp.).

The diseases with economic incidence are: Fusarium solani, Pallidoroseum sp., Rhizopus sp., Cladosporium sp. (Yeboah et al., 2014) and leaf spot caused by Cercospora sp. (Miranda, 2012).

Market

The demand for chia is increasing and is led by EE. UU. It is a crop that has a significant potential market at national and international level. In the USA UU’s production of chia products is on the rise, in 2011, 21 new chia products (fruit juices) were introduced and in 2012 that quantity increased to 100 products (Busilacchi et al., 2015). The European Union countries are recently incorporating chia consumption, as a result of the authorization of their inclusion in processed foods and in the future, it is expected that Asian countries will join this demand, which would double to 40 000 t year-1 (Busilacchi et al., 2015).

The international market requires chia seed from gray to black, characteristic taste of the seed, characteristic odor of the seed; with specific physical chemical specifications of: moisture percentage of 12% maximum, microbial specifications with total count: max. 100 000 cfu g-1, fungi: max. 1 000 cfu g-1, yeast: max. 1 000 cfu g-1, Sclerichia coli: <10 cfu g-1, Staphylococcus aereus: <10 cfu g-1, peroxide index: <0.1meq 0.2 kg-1, Impurities: (%) 1.07, omega-3 fatty acid: 17.5% of total oil and bag packing of high density polypropylene 18*27*14*14 20 kg (Miranda, 2012).

Distribution channels in the United States of America are derived from three groups of actors in the marketing chains, wholesale importers, food processing companies and retail distributors, in order to reach consumers (Busilacchi et al., 2015)

Propagation

The propagation of chia is carried out by the use of seed, recently researches have been carried out on in vitro culture of the parts of the plant, the stems are the best explant source for callus cultivation. The ideal culture medium is MS 2.4-D (2.25 M) as plant growth regulator and 16 h photoperiod. To maintain growth add Na + (0.54: 0.46M) (Marconi et al., 2013). Sucrose added to culture media inhibits somaclonal variation, and osmotic potential, due to macro and micronutrient concentrations that directly influence embryo germination (Arfux et al., 2015).

Components chia

Chia seeds are composed of nutrients, vitamins, antioxidants and fatty acids (Table 3). The quantity and quality of the components may vary by crop site, environmental conditions, nutrient availability, crop year or by type of soil (Ayerza and Coates, 2009). Chia is a complete and functional food because of its antioxidant content (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol flavonols), safe levels of heavy metals, being free of mycotoxins and not containing gluten (Mohd, 2012).

Bueno et al. (2010); Ixtaina et al. (2011); Segura et al. (2014); Ullah et al. (2015).

Table 3 Composition of chia seeds (100 g of edible portion).  

Chia is the vegetable source with the highest content of essential fatty acids, its oil contains physicochemical properties of interest for the food industry, considered as a potential food ingredient due to its benefits in human health because it contains 85.4% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Segura et al., 2014).

Uses of chia

Chia is consumed commercially without any processing or added as enriching of products (confectionery); in México, a refreshing drink called “chia fresca” is prepared; a mucilage is also prepared by letting the seed rest in water, to be used as dietary fiber or to add it and give thickness to jam, jelly, yogurt, mustard and tartar sauce; also has utility in cosmetology, in baking (where the gel is used as an oil substitute) to enhance its flavor and to cover the dough before baking and thus increase shelf life (Busilacchi et al., 2015). It is an excellent enricher of products like formulas for babies, animal foods, nutritious bars, etc (Busilacchi et al., 2015).

The mucilage or gel obtained from the soluble fiber contained in the seed, is a source of hydrocolloids with properties of water retention, emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer, and soluble in hot and cold water. (Muñoz et al., 2012). The mucilage content in seeds is 3.5%. The composition of the mucilage is: moisture 9.37%, protein 29%, crude fiber 11.42%, oil 3.83%, ash 10.27% and 56.24% of nitrogen-free extract (Guiotto et al., 2016).

By ingesting seeds, contact with saliva forms the gel and when ingested, the gel has favorable effects on nutrition and health because it generates a soothing effect on the digestive tract, creates a barrier for enzymes slowing the decomposition of the complex carbohydrates in sugars, there being a sensation of satiety by the increase of the volume of the hydrates and the viscosity in the intestine; which leads to a more efficient digestion, prolonging the sensation of satiety (Capitani et al., 2012).

The incorporation of chia seeds in baking increases the nutritive value of the product due to the proportion of omega fatty acids and dietary fiber provided by them, without altering the quality of the bread and changing only the color of the crumb, in addition there is a change in the kinetics of amylopectin during storage, which is directly related to the increase in shelf life (Iglesias and Haros, 2013). With addition, the n-3 alpha-linolenic content increases, with a higher omega-6/omega-3 ratio, and also contributes to a reduction in specific volume and lightness of bread (Luna et al., 2015). The amount of water and flour or seeds without affecting the baking 2% mixed before kneading with 5 g of flour per g of water, since in these quantities the volume and the softness of the bread crumb are maintained in a positive way (Zettel et al., 2015).

Whole chia seeds that are used in food products are not digested and easily used by the human body because of an extremely hard coating. But if added as flour they improve the nutritional value, texture, and functional food applications (Inglett et al., 2014). Chia oil is used by artisans from the states of Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacán and Mexico City to prepare lacquer known as maque, for the purpose of painting jicaras and guajes, this art flourished in ancient México from before the arrival of the Spanish, and which is extracted by slowly roasting and burning under the seeds of chia, to be ground later and adding hot water is kneaded until the oil begins to drain, later the oil is boiled to preserve it (Ayerza and Coates, 2006).

Nutraceuticals uses

Chia seed is considered a “functional food” because it contributes to human nutrition, increases satiety index, prevents cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory and nervous disorders, and diabetes. It absorbs 27 times its water weight (Muñoz et al., 2012), for its content of soluble dietary fiber, helping to counteract problems of constipation, diverticula and colon cancer (Alvarado, 2011). For this, ingest 15 to 25 g of seeds soaked in water for 15 minutes for 20 days (Bernal et al., 2015).

A 12-week supplement with 35 g of flour day-1 of chia in the human diet resulted in a significant reduction in weight and waist circumference, thanks to its dietary fiber content that acts as satiety and decreases caloric intake by high viscosity of the gel formed in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the high Omega 3 content that suppresses appetite, improving lipid oxidation and energy expenditure (Toscano et al., 2015).

The continuous intake of chia for 12 weeks helps diabetics to control the glucose level after food intake (postprandial blood glucose), improving blood pressure and blood clotting (Vuksan et al., 2010). Chia oil is used as a moisturizing adjuvant agent for pruritic skin, characteristic of people with kidney deficiency and diabetes, improving the epidermal barrier function of skin permeability and hydration (Jeong et al., 2010).

Problems with chia

The seeds of chia have very short viability, which decreases with the passage of time, in addition to this the quality is affected by the environmental conditions of storage and time of the same, besides that the quality of the seeds will depend on the present environmental conditions in its maturation (Bueno et al., 2010).

It is common to find seeds of different color in the same set of them, the predominant ones are mottled gray (86%), white and brown. Seeds of heather gray and white are the ones with the highest weight and are composed of all their own structures of the seeds, while those of brown color are of lower weight and are empty seeds, having null development of the seminal structures (Rovati, 2010).

Perspectives of chia

Mexico has the optimal ecological conditions for chia production under temporary conditions, and these conditions are optimally found in low and intermediate altitude areas, which shows that the climatic conditions of the areas between 0 and 2 200 m above sea level meet the requirements (Jamboonsri et al., 2012; Orozco et al. 2014), with excellent productivity in the high regions of Jalisco, Nayarit, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, México, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas. Soil type, precipitation and altitude are the factors that determine optimal areas for cultivation (Ramírez and Lozano, 2015).

Conclusions

In the Mexican agricultural context, the collapse of the prices of basic crops, farmers are looking for alternative crops that meet the current food needs, that allow to cope with climate changes and that meet the required nutritional characteristics. México is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change by being placed in areas that will be impacted by droughts (Northwest) and floods (Southeast), caused by extreme weather events, and due to its weak social and economic structure. The conditions under which agriculture is developed in México, both temporary and irrigated, also determine their vulnerability to extreme weather events.

One of these crops is chia, whose production in México has increased 500% in the last 7 years due to the price increase, which has aroused interest in hundreds of farmers and, according to the perspectives, production will continue to increase. This seed is appreciated and requested in Europe, the United States of America, Canada, China, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines, due to the nutraceutical properties that characterize it and the numerous nutritional benefits that make it attractive for different publics, allowing its market expand day by day.

Literatura citada

Alvarado, R. 2011. Caracterización de la semilla de chan (Salvia hipanica L.) y diseño de un producto funcional que la contiene como ingrediente. Revista de la Universidad del Valle Guatemala. 23:43-49. [ Links ]

Arfux, C. R.; Menegati, C.; da Silva, R.; Rondon, J.; Gabriel, V.; Costa, F.; Carvalho, C. M.; de Souza, P. e da Silva, C. 2015. Cultivo in vitro de Salvia hispanica L. Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental. 19(2):1555-1560. [ Links ]

Ayerza, R. and Coates, W. 2004. Composition of chia (Salvia hispanica) grown in six tropical and subtropical ecosystems of South America. Trop. Sci. 44(3):131-135. [ Links ]

Ayerza, R. y Coates, W. 2006. Chía redescubriendo un olvidado alimento de los aztecas. Del Nuevo Extremo. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 232 p. [ Links ]

Ayerza, R. and Coates, W. 2009. Influence of environment on growing period and yield, protein, oil and α-linolenic content of three chia (Salvia hispanica L.) selection. Industrial Crops and Products. 30(2):321-324. [ Links ]

Beltrán, O. M. C. y Romero, M. R. 2003. La chía, alimento milenario. Departamento de Graduados e Investigación en Alimentos. ENCB. Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), México. 25 p. [ Links ]

Bernal, A. E.; Iñaguazo, J. J. y Chanducas, B. 2015. Efecto del consumo de chía (Salvia hispanica) sobre los síntomas de estreñimiento que presentan los estudiantes de una universidad particular de Lima Este. Revista Científica de Ciencias de la Salud. 8(2):8-24. [ Links ]

Bueno, M.; Di Sapio, O.; Barolo, M.; Busilacchi, H.; Quiroga, M. y Severin, C. 2010. Análisis de la calidad de los frutos de Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae) comercializados en la ciudad de Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina). Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas. 9(3):221-7. [ Links ]

Busilacchi, H.; Quiroga, M.; Bueno, M.; Di Sapio, O.; Voykos, F. y Severin, C. 2013. Evaluación de Salvia hispanica L. cultivada en el sur de Santa Fe (República Argentina). INCA. Cultivos Tropicales. 34(4):55-59. [ Links ]

Busilacchi, H.; Qüesta T. y Zuliani, S. 2015. La chía como una nueva alternativa productiva para la región pampeana. Agromensajes. 41(2):37- 46. [ Links ]

Cahill, J. P. 2004. Genetic diversity among varieties of chía (Salvia hispanica L.). Genetic Res. Crop Ev. 51(7):773-781. [ Links ]

Capitani, M. I.; Spotorno, V.; Nolasco, S. N. and Tomás, M. C. 2012. Physicochemical and functional characterization of by- products from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds of Argentina. LW. Food Sci. Technol. 45(1):94-102. [ Links ]

Capitani, M. I.; Nolasco, S. M. and Tomás, M. C. 2013. Effect of mucilage extraction on the functional properties of Chia meals. Muzzalupo Food Industry. InTech, Croacia. 421-437 pp. [ Links ]

Coates, W. 2011. Whole and ground chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds, chia oil-effects oon plasma lipids and fatty acids. Nuts & seeds in health and disease prevention. Chapter 37: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. 309-315 pp. [ Links ]

Dal’Maso, E.; Casarin, J.; da Costa, P.; Cavalheiro, B.; dos Santos, B. e Guimarães, V. F. 2013. Salinidade na germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de sementes de chía. V . Cascavel. 6(3):26-39. [ Links ]

Di Sapio, B. O.; Busilacchi, M. H.; Quiroga, M. y Severin, C. 2012. Caracterización morfoanatómica de hoja, tallo, fruto y semilla de Salvia hispanica L. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas. 11(3):249-268. [ Links ]

FAO/WHO. 2016. Report joint FAO/WHO food standards programme. Codex alimentarius commission. Thirty-ninth Session. Italy. 80 p. [ Links ]

Guiotto, E. N.; Capitani, M. I.; Nolasco, S. M. and Tomás, M. C. 2016. Stability of Oil in Water Emulsions with Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L. By Products.) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 93(1):133-143. [ Links ]

Guiotto, E. N.; Ixtaina, V. Y.; Tomás, M. C. and Nolasco, S. M. 2013. Moisture-dependent engineering properties of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. Food Industry Intech. 381-397. [ Links ]

Hernández, J. A. y Miranda, S. 2008. Caracterización morfológica de chía (Salvia hispanica). Rev. Fitotec. Mex. 31(2):105-113. [ Links ]

Iglesias, P. E. and Haros, M. 2013. Evaluation of performance of dough and bread incorporating chía (Salvia hispanica L.). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 237(6):865-874. [ Links ]

Inglett, G.E.; Chen, D.; Liu, S.X. and Lee, S. 2014. Pasting and rheological properties of oat products dry-blended with ground chia seeds. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 55(1):148-156. [ Links ]

Ixtaina, V. Y.; Mattea, F.; Cardarelli, D. A.; Mattea, M. A.; Nolasco, S. M. and Tomás; M. C. 2011. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and characterization of Argentinean chia seed oil. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88(2):289-298. [ Links ]

Ixtaina, V. Y.; Martínez, M. L.; Spotorno, V.; Mateo, C.; Maestri, D.; Diehl, B.; Nolasco, S. M. and Tomás, M. C. 2011. Characterization of chia seed oils obtained by pressing and solvent extraction. J. Food Comp. Anal. 24(2):166-174. [ Links ]

Jamboonsri, W.; Phillips, T. D.; Geneve, R. L.; Cahill, J. P. and Hildebrand, D. F. 2012. Extending the range of an ancient crop, Salvia hispanica L. a new ω3 source. Gen. Res. Crop Evol. 59(2):171-178. [ Links ]

Jeong, S. K.; Park, H. J.; Park, B. D. and Kim, I. H. 2010. Effectiveness of topical chia seed oil on pruritus of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and healthy volunteers. Ann Dermatol. 22(2):143-148. [ Links ]

Luna, P.; Lopes, E.; Silva, A.; Sammán, N. C.; Dupas, M. and Kil, Y. 2015. Functional bread with n-3 alpha linolenic acid from whole chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour. J. Food Sci. Technol. 52(7):4475-4482. [ Links ]

Marconi, P. L.; López, M. C.; De Meester, J.; Bovjin, C. and Alvarez, M. A. 2013. In vitro establishment of Salvia hispanica L. plants and callus. Biotecnol. Veg. 13(4):203-207. [ Links ]

Migliavacca, R.; da Silva, T. R.; de Vasconcelos, A. L.; Filho, W. e Baptistella, J. L. 2014. O cultivo da chia no Brasil: futuro e perpectivas. J. Agron. Sci. Umuarama, 3(especial): 161-179. [ Links ]

Miranda, F. 2012. Guía técnica para el manejo del cultivo de Chía (Salvia hispanica) en Nicaragua. Sebaco. 14 p. [ Links ]

Mohd, N.; Keong, S.; Yong, W.; Kee, B.; Wei, S. and Guan, S. 2012. The Promising Future of Chía (Salvia hispanica L.). J. Bio. Biotecnol. 1(2012):1-9. [ Links ]

Muñoz, L. A.; Cobos, A.; Díaz, O. and Aguilera, J. 2012. Chia seeds: microstructure, mucilage extraction and hydration. Journal of food Engineering. 108(1):216-224. [ Links ]

Muñoz, L. A.; Aguilera, J. M.; Rodríguez, T. L.; Cobos, A. and Díaz, O. 2012. Characterization and microstructure of films made from mucilage of Salvia hispanica and whey protein concentrate. J. Food Eng. 111(3):511-518. [ Links ]

Orozco, G.; Duran, N.; González, D. R.; Zarazúa, P.; Ramírez, G. y Mena, S. 2014. Proyecciones de cambio climático y potencial productivo para Salvia hispánica L. en las zonas agrícolas de México. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. 10:1831-1842. [ Links ]

Ouzounidou, G.; Skiada, V.; Papadopoulou, K. K.; Stamatis, N.; Kavvadias, V.; Eleftheriadis, E. and Gaitis, F. 2015. Effects of soil pH and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) inoculation on growth and chemical composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) leaves. Braz. J. Bot. 38(3):487-495. [ Links ]

Ramamoorthy, T. P. 2001. Salvia hispanica L. In: flora fanerogámica del Valle de México. Calderón, G. de Rzedowski y Rzedowski, J. (Eds.). Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ecología, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán. 632-644. [ Links ]

Ramírez, J. G. and Lozano, C. M. G. 2015. Potential for Growing Salvia hispanica L., areas under Rainfed Conditions in México. Agric. Sci. 6(09):1048-1057. [ Links ]

Rojas, D. V. 2013. Efecto de la aplicación de herbicidas sobre el rendimiento en Chía (Salvia hispanica L.) en la región metropolitana. In: Memoria de Ingeniera Agrónoma-Universidad de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Santiago, Chile. 39 p. [ Links ]

Rovati, A.; Escobar, E. y Prado, C. 2010. Particularidades de la semilla de chía (Salvia hispanica L.) EEAOC. Avance Agroindustrial. 33(3):40-43. [ Links ]

SAGARPA. 2012. México: el sector agropecuario ante el desafío del cambio climático. 439 p. [ Links ]

Segura, C. M. R.; Ciau, S. N.; Rosado, R. G.; Chel, G. L. and Betancur, A. D. 2014. Physicochemical characterization of chia (Salvia hispanica) seed oil from Yucatán, México. Agric. Sci. 5(3):220-226. [ Links ]

SIAP. 2016. http://www.siap.gob.mx/cierre-de-la-produccion-agricola-por-estado. [ Links ]

Toscano, L.; Toscano, L.; Tavares, R.; da Silva, C. S. and Silva, A. S. 2015. Chia induces clinically discrete weight loss and improves lipid profile only in altered previous values. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 31(3):1176-1182. [ Links ]

Ullah, R.; Nadeem, M.; Khalique, A.; Imran, M.; Mehmood, S.; Javid, A. and Hussain, J. 2015. Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of Chía (Salvia hispanica L.): a review. J. Food Sci. Technol. 53(4):1750-1758. [ Links ]

Vuksan, V.; Jenkins, A. L.; Dias, A.G.; Lee, A. S.; Jovanovski, E.; Rogovik, A. L. and Hanna, A. 2010. Reduction in postprandial glucose excursion and prolongation of satiety: possible explanation of the long-term effects of whole grain Salba (Salvia hispanica L.). Eur. J. Clinical Nutr. 64(4):436-438. [ Links ]

Yeboah, S.; Owusu, D. E.; Lamptey, J. N. L.; Mochiah, M. B.; Lamptey, S.; Oteng, D. P.; Adama, I.; Appiah, K. Z. and Agyeman, K. 2014. Influence of planting methods and density on performance of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) and its suitability as an oilseed plant. Agric. Sci. 2(4):14-26. [ Links ]

Zettel, V.; Krämer, A.; Hecker, F. and Hitzmann, B. 2015. Influence of gel from ground chía (Salvia hispanica L.) for wheat bread production. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 240(3):655-662. [ Links ]

Received: July 01, 2017; Accepted: August 01, 2017

Creative Commons License Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons