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Investigación económica
versión impresa ISSN 0185-1667
Inv. Econ vol.60 no.232 Ciudad de México abr./jun. 2000
Artículos
Un análisis comparativo de la teoría poskeynesiana del empleo
A comparative analysis of the post-keynesian theory of employment
*Profesor de tiempo completo, Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Ottawa, Cánada, e-mail: mlavoie@uttoawa.ca
El principal propósito de este documento es presentar los modelos poskeynesianos del empleo de mano de obra, con su énfasis en la demanda efectiva. Para resaltar las características de los modelos poskeynesianos, los modelos de empleo neoclásicos son brevemente resellados, ordenados desde el modelo neoclásico hasta los varios nuevos modelos keynesianos, con el propósito de explicar el desempleo involuntario. Ello muestra que todos estos modelos neoclásicos están fundamentados en la propuesta del lado de la oferta, y que el desempleo existe porque los salarios reales son, en última instancia, muy altos. La segunda parte del documento presenta varios modelos poskeynesianos. Todos los modelos poskeynesianos toman en cuenta la demanda efectiva, pero algunos tienen características híbridas -aún consideran una función producción neoclásica, como en el modelo keynesiano mientras que otros son más radicales, dejando de lado la hipótesis de los rendimientos decreciente . Las características por el lado de la oferta, tales como la hipótesis del salario de eficiencia, son consideradas en tales modelos de liderazgo de la demanda. Está demostrado que en los equilibrios múltiples puede ocurrir: un equilibrio estable con salario bajo y bajo empleo versus un equilibrio inestable con salario alto y alto empleo. Como resultado, uno debe concluir que las fuerzas del mercado no pueden ser dejadas a sí mismas, porque pueden llevar a un equilibrio equivocado.
The main purpose of the paper is to present the post-Keynesian models of labour employment, with their emphasis on effective demand. To highlight the features of post-Keynesian models, neoclassical models of employment are briefly surveyed, ranging from the new classical model to the various new Keynesian models that purport to explain involuntary unemployment. It is shown that all these neoclassical models are based on a supply-side approach, and that unemployment exists because real wages are ultimately too high. Toe second part of the paper presents various post-Keynesian models. All the post-Keynesian models take effective demand into account, but some have hybrid features -they still entertain a neoclassical production function, as in Keynes's model- while others are more radical, leaving aside the hypothesis of decreasing returns. Supply-side features, such as the efficiency wage hypothesis, are considered within such demand-led models. It is shown that multiple equilibria are likely to occur: a stable equilibrium with low wage and low employment versus an unstable equilibrium with high wage and high employment. As a result, one must conclude that market forces cannot be left on their own, because they will lead to the wrong equilibrium.
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Recibido: Diciembre de 1998; Aprobado: Febrero de 1999
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
