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Revista mexicana de fitopatología
versão On-line ISSN 2007-8080versão impressa ISSN 0185-3309
Rev. mex. fitopatol vol.35 no.2 Texcoco Mai. 2017
https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.1607-5
Scientific articles
Mycorrhization of Agave cupreata: Biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum and plant growth promotion
1Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, C.P. 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, México.
2Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, C.P. 58880, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México.
3Laboratorio de Micorrizas, Centro de Investigación de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala. Km 10.5 Carretera San Martín Texmelucan-Tlaxcala S/N, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, C.P. 90120, Ixtacuixtla de Mariano Matamoros, Tlaxcala, México.
The effect of mycorrhizal of Agave cupreata in the biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum and promoting plant growth was evaluated. In greenhouse, seeds of A. cupreata were inoculated with four consortia of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) native: The Huizachal (EH), Agua Dulce (AD), Paso Ancho (PA) and Cerro del Metate (CM), a commercial inoculum mycorrhizal INIFAP® (MI) and a control without AMF. Seven months after inoculating of the AMF, in a group of plants with and without mycorrhizal was evaluated the promoting plant growth and another similar group of plants were inoculated with or without Fusarium oxysporum FPC (Fox) to evaluate the potential biocontrol effect of AMF. The results showed that mycorrhizal plants increased significantly (Tukey, p≤0.05) dry biomass total, in a range between 148 and 239 % more than the control without AMF. At 240 days after inoculation of Fox; the treatments PA+Fox and MI+Fox showed a reducing significant (Kruskal-Wallis, p≤0.05) in the severity of agave wilt, averaging 33 % damage compared to the control+Fox, which presented damage of 74 %. PA and MI may be considered as potential biofertilizers and biocontrol agents of F. oxysporum in the cultivation of agave.
Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; AMF native consortia; agave wilt; Rhizophagus intraradices; bioprotection against plant-pathogens
Se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación micorrícica de plantas de Agave cupreata en el biocontrol de Fusarium oxysporum y en la promoción del crecimiento vegetal. En invernadero, semillas de A. cupreata fueron inoculadas con cuatro consorcios de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) nativos, denominados El Huizachal (EH), Agua Dulce (AD), Paso Ancho (PA) y Cerro del Metate (CM), un inóculo comercial micorriza INIFAP® (MI) y un testigo sin HMA. Siete meses después de inocular los HMA, en un grupo de plantas micorrizadas y sin micorrizar se evaluó la promoción del crecimiento vegetal y otro grupo similar de plantas fueron inoculadas con o sin Fusarium oxysporum FPC (Fox) para evaluar el potencial efecto de biocontrol de los HMA. Los resultados mostraron que la micorrización incrementó significativamente (Tukey, p≤0.05) la biomasa seca total de las plantas, en un intervalo entre 148 y 239 % más con respecto al testigo sin HMA. A los 240 días después de la inoculación de Fox, los tratamientos PA+Fox y MI+Fox mostraron un efecto significativo (Kruskal-Wallis, p≤0.05) en la disminución de la severidad de la marchitez del agave con un promedio de daño de 33 % con respecto al testigo+Fox que presentó daños de 74 %. PA y MI pueden considerarse como potenciales biofertilizantes y agentes de biocontrol de F. oxysporum en el cultivo del agave.
Palabras clave: Hongos micorrícicos arbusculares; consorcios nativos de HMA; marchitez del agave; Rhizophagus intraradices; bioprotección contra fitopatógenos
Introduction
Agave cupreata is an endemic species of the Balsas river basin, in Mexico. Its growth has become intensified since the juice obtained from the heart of adult plants is fermented to produce an alcoholic beverage known as mezcal (Martínez-Palacios et al., 2011). In the state of Michoacán, in approximately 29 municipalities, mezcal is produced using this species of agave. During the year 2013, these municipalities obtained the denominación de origen of mezcal (DOM), which will bring benefits including its export (Michoacán government, 2012). Due to this, an increase is expected in the surface of A. cupreata planted, which will require an adequate agronomic and plant health management to maintain this crop’s sustainability, as is the case for other agaves (A. angustifolia and A. potatorum) used in the production of mezcal in southeastern Mexico (Aguirre-Dugua and Eguiarte, 2013). The increase in the surface for the plantation of this crop could increase the incidence of diseases, as in the case of plantations of A. tequilana (Ávila-Miranda et al., 2010). The wilting caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum is one of the plant health problems that significantly affects the productivity of tequila agave; the infection process begins in the roots, followed by the tips of leaves curling and dying, and finally, the entire plant wilts (Vega-Ramos et al., 2013). This plant health problem also appears in A. cupreata plantations in the state of Michoacán.
The conventional control of disease-inducing fungi with fungicides has not been effective and these products also cause environmental problems, deteriorate the soil, create resistance, and increase production costs (Bernal-Alcocer et al., 2005). In the last few decades, biocontrol has been one of the strategies to control different plant diseases with the use of beneficial microorganisms that suppress the population density or the impact of pathogens, reducing their abundance or harmful effect (Eilenberg, 2006). Among the microorganisms with the capability of biocontrol are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMFs form a symbiosis with around 80 % of terrestrial plants. In this association, the symbiotic hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungi transport nutrients from the soil to the plant which, in compensation, provides the fungus space and a source of carbon, which is exchanged through the arbuscles (Smith and Read, 2008). Several authors have reported that mycorrhized plants can cause, in most cases, a reduction in the incidence and/or severity of diseases caused by diverse plant pathogens of the soil, including Fusarium oxysporum (Akhtar and Siddiqui, 2008; Saldajeno et al., 2008; Tripathi et al., 2008). Hage-Ahmed et al. (2013) found that the inoculation of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with a commercial AMF inoculant (Symbivit®) reduced the incidence of the disease caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by 35%. Hu et al. (2010) inoculated cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) with a native AMF consortium (Glomus spp. sensu lato and Acaulospora spp.) and found an effect on the suppression of wilting caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in regard to plants inoculated only with the pathogen. Jaiti et al. (2007) showed that date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) inoculated with a native AMF consortium presented a reduction in mortality by 56 % in regard to plants not mycorrhized four months after inoculation with F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Despite this, there are still no reports on the biocontrol of F. oxysporum in A. cupreata by AMFs.
On the other hand, there have been reports on the use of AMFs in the enhancement of growth of some agave species. Cui and Nobel (1992) found significant differences in the content of P in the root and aerial section of Agave deserti plants inoculated with a native AMF consortium composed of species of the genus Glomus sensu lato, in contrast with non-mycorrhized plants. Robles-Martínez et al. (2013) observed increases in the dry weight of the aerial section and the content of P in A. angustifolia plants inoculated with different native AMF consortia or with Rhizophagus intraradices (synonimous with Glomus intraradices) in regard to non-inoculated plants. This highlights, on the one hand, the beneficial effect of AMFs in plant growth, and on the other, its biocontrol capability on F. oxysporum. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation of Agave cupreata plants on the biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum and in the enhancement of plant growth.
Materials and methods
Mycorrhizal inoculant
We used spores from four AMF consortia, native of the state of Michoacán, contained in sand, and a commercial inoculant [mycorrhiza INIFAP® (MI)]. The spores of four native consortia were multiplied on trap plants of hybrid sorghum (Sweet Chow, Western Seed Co.), belonging to the collection of native AMF consortia from the Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, or CIATEJ). The native consortia used were named El Huizachal (EH) (Acaulospora morrowiae, A. spinosa, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Funneliformis geosporum, and F. mosseae), Cerro del Metate (CM) (A. mellea, A. scrobiculata, C. etunicatum, and F. geosporum), Paso Ancho (PA) (A. spinosa, C. claroideum, C. etunicatum, and Glomus sp. 1), and Agua Dulce (AD) (A. morrowiae, A. scrobiculata, A. spinosa, C. etunicatum, F. geosporum, F. mosseae, and Rhizophagus clarus) (Reyes-Tena et al., 2016). The commercial inoculant MI, withheld R. intraradices spores. To inoculate the amount of spores required in the experiment, the spores from the native consortia and the commercial inoculant were counted, taking 10 g of dry soil to extract the spores using the dry sieving technique, decantation (Gerdemann and Nicolson, 1963), and centrifuging with sacarose at 50 % (Brundrett et al., 1996) three times. The spores were counted in a stereomicroscope (VE-S6, VELABMR). From each inoculant, 4-10 g were taken to inoculate with 100 AMF spores per agave seed, and for the control without AMF, 10 g of dry sand were inoculated for each seed.
Fusarium oxysporum FPC (Fox) inoculant
The isolate F. oxysporum FPC was obtained from the collection of pathogenic fungi of CIATEJ Plant Biotechnology. This isolate was taken from A. tequilana plants with symptoms of wilting (Qui-Zapata et al., 2011) and previously (Trinidad-Cruz et al., 2013) its pathogenic activity was tested against A. cupreata. From a FoxFPC conservation plantation, a mycelium transfer was carried out to reactivate the isolate in Petri dishes (90 mm in diameter) with a sterile potato-dextrose-agar (PDA DIFCO) medium (121 °C, 1.05 kg cm-2, 20 min); the Petri dishes were incubated at 27±1 °C for 11 days, followed by 4 days with a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/darkness). After 15 days of growth, the FoxFPC spores were gathered; this was carried out by adding 15 mL of sterile distilled water (121 °C, 1.05 kg cm-2, 20 min) in each Petri dish. Using a sterile brush, the surface of the culture medium was softly swept, and the distilled water with the spores was recovered using a micropipette and sterilized tips. The concentration of spores was adjusted to 1×106 spores mL-1 using a hemocytometer. The spore suspension was stored in 50 mL tubes at 4 °C until use.
Preparation of the F. oxysporum FPC substrate
Before inoculating the substrate with Fox, oat flakes were used to increase the amount of Fox propagules in plastic, 1 L containers with 60 g of oat flakes, hydrated with 50 mL of distilled water, sterilized earlier (121 °C, 1.05 kg cm-2, 20 min). The oat flakes were inoculated with 10 mL of the spore suspension at a concentration of 1×106 spores mL-1 and incubated in the dark for 15 days at room temperature. After this time, the number of colony forming units (CFU) per gram of oat was determined. One gram of oat was placed under serial decimal dilutions and the dilutions were planted 10-4 to 10-6 in a Petri dish with a PDA culture medium with Bengal Rose (25 mg L-1) threefold; the dishes were incubated at 27±1 °C for 2 days in the dark before they were counted. After determining the number of CFU, the oat flakes with the Fox propagules were vigorously mixed with a sterile substrate mixture (sand-peat of sphagnum -agrolite, 4:1:1, v:v:v) adjusting a final concentration of 1×104 UFC g-1 of dry substrate.
Plant material
The A. cupreata plantlets were obtained from seeds disinfected with a commercial 3 % chlorine solution (active chlorine at 6 %) for 10 min and then rinsed using distilled water, three times, for 5 min each time. The seeds were planted in plastic trays with 38 holes and placed inside a container with approximately 4 L of water. One seed was planted in each hole, which contained, as a substrate, 30 g of a mixture of sand-agrolite (4:1, v:v), sterilized (120 °C, 1.05 kg cm-2, 6 h).
Inoculation of AMF in Agave cupreata plants
To evaluate the promotion of the AMF growth, each agave seed was inoculated with 100 AMF spores directly into the planting orifice of each of the four native consortia (CM, PA, EH, and AD), the commercial inoculant MI or 10 g of sterile sand for the control without AMF. The trays with the inoculated seeds remained under greenhouse conditions and were watered with distilled water twice a week; starting three months after planting, they were fertilized with a nutritious solution (Jarstfer and Sylvia, 1992) low in phosphorous (3 µM) with a pH of 6.1±0.1 every two weeks. We added 1.5 L of the nutritious solution into each container; if plants needed water between fertilizations, then were added distilled water. Six months after planting, the nutrient solution was suspended, and irrigated with distilled water until the ending of the experiment.
To evaluate the effect of the Fox biocontrol, mycorrhized seven month old A. cupreata plants contained in trays were transplanted with their rootballs into expanded 250 mL polystyrene cups, which were added between 65 and 75 g of the mixture of substrate sand-peat of sphagnum -agrolite (4:1:1, v:v:v) sterilized (120 °C, 1.05 kg cm-2, 6 h); depending on the corresponding treatment, we added the Fox substrate at a concentration of 1×104 UFC g-1 or substrate without Fox. The plants were separated to avoid contamination; for this, those previously transplanted and inoculated with Fox were placed in seven plastic trays (18 styrofoam cups per tray) and into a refrigerated incubator (Thermo ScientificTM, Model Precision 3759) at 28 °C and a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/dark). The other group of plants without Fox inoculation were placed in five plastic trays (23 styrofoam cups per tray) in an incubation room for plant growth at 27±1 °C and a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/dark). All plants were irrigated with distilled water twice a week.
Experimental design and response variables
To evaluate the promotion of the growth of A. cupreata plants, a completely random design was established, in which six treatments were evaluated, one for each AMF (EH, CM, PA, AD, and MI) and a control without AMF. Five and three repetitions were used with AMF and control, respectively. Each plant represented one experimental unit. Seven months after inoculation with AMF, the number of leaves, the dry weight of the foliage and of the roots, and the total dry biomass (dried foliage samples and roots at 60 °C until weight was constant), were evaluated. Finally, in order to observe the colonization of the agave roots with the AMFs, roots were lightened and stained using the technique proposed by Phillips and Hayman (1970); later, photographs were taken of the typical structures of the mycorrhiza, using a digital camera (Leica DFC450C, Leica Application Suite LAS ver. 4.1.0 software) adapted to an optic microscope.
To evaluate the effect of the Fox biocontrol, we used a completely random design with a factorial arrangement in which 12 treatments were evaluated, resulting from the combination of the factors: 1) inoculation with AMF (six levels: CM, PA, EH, AD, MI, and a control without the mycorrhizal fungus); 2) inoculation with Fox (two levels: with and without the pathogen). Ten repetitions were used per treatment; one A. cupreata plant held in a pot was considered an experimental unit. The degree of the disease severity (DS) was evaluated according to the scale proposed by De Cal et al. (2000): 1 (DS del 0 %)= healthy plant; 1.1 to 1.9 (DS de 1 a 24 %)= the first yellow leaf; 2 to 2.9 (DS de 25 a 49 %)= more than one yellow lower leaf and first dead leaf; 3 to 3.9 (DS de 50 a 74 %)= lower leaves dead and some upper leaves dead; 4 to 4.9 (DS of 75 to 99 %)= lower leaves dead and upper leaves wilted; and 5 (DS of 100 %)= dead plant. The degree of DS was determined 240 days after inoculation with the pathogen, fifteen months after the initial experiment was established.
Statistical analysis
The plant growth variables were analyzed with an analysis of variance and Tukey’s range test (p≤0.05). The DS data were analyzed with the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test (p≤0.05) and trust intervals of the median (p≤0.05). Analyses were carried out using the statistical package StatGraphics Centurion XV (StatPoint Inc., 2005).
Results
Statistical differences were found (Tukey, p≤0.05) between the native consortia and the control without AMF for all the growth enhancement variables evaluated seven months after inoculation (Table 1). The native consortia named El Huizachal (EH), Agua Dulce (AD) and the commercial inoculant (MI) increased A. cupreata plant growth (Figure 1A). In these native consortia, there was an increase of two to three leaves; in dry weight, of 186, 168, and 154 %; in the fresh weight of leaves, of 273, 196, and 282 % (Figure 1B) respectively, all in comparison to the control without AMF. For the total dry biomass variable, all native consortia and MI increased their biomasses between 148 and 239 % in comparison with the control without AMF (Table 1) (Figure 1C).
Table 1. Effect of different native consortia and a commercial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculant on the plant growth of Agave cupreata seven months after inoculation under greenhouse conditions.
Values with the same letter in each column are statistically equal (Tukey, p≤0.05); ± standard deviation. Treatments with AMF, n=5; control without AMF, n=3.
Figure 1. Effect of native consortia and a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculant on the enhancement of plant growth of Agave cupreata seven months after inoculation. A) View of the growth of mycorrhized agaves and control without AMF inoculation; B, C, D, and E) View of root growth; F, G y H) Observations of the trypan blue staining of Agave cupreata roots, intraradicular coloring of the AMF is shown; Bar A-E= 5 cm; Bar F-H= 50 μm; T: Control; EH: El Huizachal; MI: Micorriza INIFAP®; AD: Agua Dulce; PA: Paso Ancho; CM: Cerro del Metate.
On the other hand, symptoms of wilting were observed starting on day 20 after inoculation with Fox (ddif); in this time, the average disease severity (DS) in the treatments FoxFPC was between 1.08 and 1.32 (first yellow lower leaf, damage in plant between 2.8 and 8 %). Typical symptoms such as chlorosis (Figure 2A), and curling and death of the tips of leaves (Figure 2B and 2C) and wilting of the entire plant (Figure 2D) were observed throughout the experiment. The DS in the treatments PA+Fox and MI+Fox (240 ddif) was lower than in the treatment control+Fox (Kruskal-Wallis, p≤0.05) (Figure 3). Treatments PA+Fox and MI+Fox presented an average of 41 % less damage in agave plants (DS of 2.3, more than one yellow lower leaf and first dead leaf) with regard to the treatment control+Fox, which displayed an average of 74 % damage in plants (DS of 3.9, lower leaves dead and some yellow upper leaves). The treatments with consortia EH, CM, and AD did not seem to have an effect on the biocontrol of F. oxysporum FPC (Figure 3).
Figure 2. Presence of symptoms related to wilting caused by Fusarium oxysporum FPC (Fox) in Agave cupreata plants. A) Leaf with chlorosis; B and C) Leaves curled and with necrosis; D) Plant with severe wilting; E) View of root wilting 240 days after inoculation with Fox; Bar= 5 cm.
Figure 3. Severity of wilting in Agave cupreata plants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum FPC (Fox) 240 days after inoculation. Different letters indicate significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis, p≤0.05) and confidence intervals (95 %) of the median. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF): EH: El Huizachal; MI: Micorriza INIFAP®; AD: Agua Dulce; PA: Paso Ancho; CM: Cerro del Metate; Control: without AMF.
Discussion
Inoculation with the native AMF consortia and the inoculant MI promoted the growth of A. cupreata plants significantly, although the response to the inoculation with AMF in other agave species has been variable. For A. tequilana, Ruiz et al. (2011) found that plants in vitro inoculated with R. intraradices did not display significant differences in the variables evaluated, such as the number of leaves, plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight in regard to the non-inoculated control, 263 days after inoculation. Pimienta-Barrios et al. (2009) did not find significant differences either in the growth of A. tequilana plants inoculated with R. intraradices or R. fasciculatus in regard to plants not inoculated with AMF. In contrast, Robles-Martínez et al. (2013) found significant differences in regard to plants without AMF for the dry weight of foliage in A. angustifolia plants inoculated with R. intraradices or with at least one native consortium, 98 days after inoculation. This variability in the response of the growth of agave plants associated with AMF can be explained by several factors, such as the AMF species (native consortia or monospecies plantations), the functional complementarity or synergism of the AMFs, and to the response of each host (high or low dependence to AMFs) (Gustafson and Casper, 2006; Jansa et al., 2008; Camprubi et al., 2011). The capability and efficiency of the AMFs to absorb P varies between species (interspecific variation) and between isolates of the same species (intraspecific variation), even with the same host plant species (Pearson and Jakobsen, 1993; Munkvold et al., 2004; Abdel-Fattah and Asrar, 2012). Consortia EH and AD that displayed a positive significant effect on the growth of A. cupreata contained the same five species of AMF (A. morrowiae, A. spinosa, C. etunicatum, F. geosporum and F. mosseae), plus two species (A. scrobiculata and R. clarus) only present in the consortium AD. Out of these species, F. mosseae (George et al., 1992; Ozgonen and Erkilic, 2007) and A. scrobiculata (Shukla et al., 2012) have been reported as efficient for the acquisition of P; whereas F. geosporum has been known to produce differential responses in the host depending on the origin of the isolate (Oliveira et al., 2010).
On the other hand, there is partial proof of findings by other authors, that is, that mycorrhization influences the reduction in the disease severity (Akhtar et al., 2011), although differentially. Only one of the native consortia (PA) and the commercial inoculant (MI) displayed an effect in the reduction in the severity of wilting caused by the isolate FPC of F. oxysporum. Consortium PA contained four AMF species (A. scrobiculata, A. spinosa, C. claroideum and C. etunicatum). Out of these species, it is known that C. claroideum in combination with other AMF species (F. geosporum, F. mosseae, and R. intraradices) induce the biocontrol of Pythium ultimum (Del Fabbro and Prati, 2014). Effects of biocontrol as a result of mycorrhization were found by Fierro-Coronado et al. (2013), who proved that mycorrhization in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with R. intraradices grown with a low P concentration (20 µM) reduced significantly the rotting in roots caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in regard to non-micorrhyzed plants; Gardezi et al. (2001) evaluated the effect of a native consortium (Glomus sp. Zac-19) and Glomus aggregatum individually in the biocontrol of Fusarium sp. in gladiola plants (Gladiolus grandiflorus Andrews) and found that the AMFs reduced root rotting significantly in comparison to plants without inoculation; meanwhile, Hernández-Montiel et al. (2013) found that the inoculation of papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) with a MTZ01 native consortium (R. intraradices, F. mosseae, C. etunicatum and Gigaspora albida) reduced significantly the rate of disease severity by 56 %, and root colonization with F. oxysporum by 54 % in regard to the control. AMFs play an important role in the control of several plant pathogens through direct or indirect mechanisms (Jung et al., 2012). Direct mechanisms include the competition for colonization sites (Cordier et al., 1998; Larsen et al., 2012; Hernández-Montiel et al., 2013; Reyes-Tena et al., 2016), changes in the composition of root exudates (Scheffknecht et al., 2006; Ren et al., 2015), and indirect mechanisms include the resistance induced by mycorrhization of the different plant defense mechanisms (Jung et al., 2012; Cameron et al., 2013). Jaiti et al. (2007) found that date palm plants (Phoenix dactylifera) inoculated with a native consortium (Glomus sp., Sclerocystis sp., Acaulospora sp. and Scutellospora sp.) induced changes in the activities of two enzymes related to plant defense (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) only when confronted with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. These mechanisms may be implied in the reduction of the severity of wilting in treatments PA+Fox and MI+Fox. The appearance of symptoms of wilting caused by the pathogen inoculated in the A. cupreata plants appeared in a slow and differential but progressive manner, similar to reports by Ávila-Miranda et al. (2010), who inoculated A. tequilana plants with two F. oxysporum isolates to evaluate their pathogenicity and found the initial symptoms of the disease in the tips of leaves (chlorosis, curling, and wilting) 200 days after inoculation.
Conclusions
The native AMF consortia and the commercial inoculant INIFAP® mycorrhiza displayed a significant effect on the growth of A. cupreata plants under greenhouse conditions seven months after inoculation, and can therefore be considered potential biofertilizers for A. cupreata in the greenhouse phase. A biocontrol effect was found in two inoculants: the native consortium Paso Ancho (PA) and the commercial inoculant INIFAP® mycorrhiza, which reduced by 41% the severity of wilting in A. cupreata plants inoculated with F. oxysporum FPC; both inoculants can be considered possible biocontrol agents. This is the first report on the use of AMF to promote plant growth and in the biocontrol of F. oxysporum in A. cupreata.
Acknowledgements
J. R. Trinidad-Cruz thanks CONACYT for the scholarship support granted to carry out his Master’s degree studies as a part of the project MICH-2010-03-148208 financed by the Fondo Mixto of the Michoacán state government and CONACYT. Dr. E. Quiñones-Aguilar participated as a codirector of J. R. Trinidad-Cruz’s Master’s degree thesis. Thanks to Dr. Joaquín Qui-Zapata from CIATEJ for providing the F. oxysporum FPC fungus for this study.
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Received: July 18, 2016; Accepted: January 06, 2017
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