Servicios Personalizados
Revista
Articulo
Indicadores
- Citado por SciELO
- Accesos
Links relacionados
- Similares en SciELO
Compartir
Revista mexicana de física
versión impresa ISSN 0035-001X
Rev. mex. fis. vol.55 no.6 México dic. 2009
Investigación
Some studies on safe maximum packing of live agents in crowds or containers
O. CórdobaRodríguez, M. del CastilloMussot*, and J.A. MontemayorAldrete
Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20364 México, D.F. 01000 México. email: *marcelodlcstll@yahoo.com
Recibido el 3 de julio de 2009
Aceptado el 24 de noviembre de 2009
Abstract
We study the geometrical and physical conditions for maximizing the safe packing of live agents in crowds or in containers, like wagons or subways. In order to accommodate small children in interstitial spaces among adults, we firs approximate standingup people, as observed from above, as circles or ellipses. According to our results, in very crowded conditions babies are better protected only among "athletic" adults (in the sense that their shouldershoulder lateral distance is sufficientl larger than their lateral waist) by positioning them on the adults flan at kidney level. In several adults we applied sustained pectoral or thoracic pressure in order to fin the applied force dependence of the chest compression, and the maximum chest compression before not being able to breathe. For every five people barely fittin in a container, we can barely accommodate one more person, due to the chest compression of all persons. Practical recommendations are given in very crowded situations.
Keywords: Granular systems; medical physics; elasticity; pressure or forces in macroscopic solids.
Resumen
Estudiamos las condiciones geométricas y físicas para maximizar el transporte seguro de agentes vivos en contenedores, como en vagones o metros subterráneos. Para acomodar a niños pequeños en espacios intersticiales entre adultos, primero aproximamos a las personas vistas desde arriba, como círculos o elipses. Según nuestros resultados, en aglomeraciones muy densas los bebés están mejor protegidos solo entre los adultos "atléticos" colocándolos a un costado a la altura de los ríñónes. En varios adultos aplicamos presión pectoral o torácica sostenida para encontrar la dependencia de la compresión pectoral en la fuerza y la máxima compresión pectoral antes de no poder respirar. Por cada cinco personas apenas ajustadas en un contenedor, podemos acomodar a otra persona más, comprimiendo los pechos de todos. Se dan recomendaciones prácticas en aglomeraciones muy densas.
Descriptores: Sistemas granulares; física médica; elasticidad; presión o fuerzas en sólidos macroscópicos.
PACS: 45.70.n; .90.+y; 91.60.Ba; 46.00.00; 74.62.Fj
DESCARGAR ARTÍCULO EN FORMATO PDF
Referencias
1. S. Pandian, S. Gokhale, and A. Ghoshal, Transportation Research Part DTransport and Enviroment 14 (2004) 180. [ Links ]
2. R. Noland and M. Quddus, Transportation Research Part DTransport and Enviroment 11 (2006) 1. [ Links ]
3. R. Smit and J. McBroom, Road & Transport Research 18 (2009) 49. [ Links ]
4. See www.peakoil.net for information on oil and gas depletion worldwide. [ Links ]
5. D. Helbing, A. Johansson, and H.Z. AlAbideen, Phys. Rev. E 75 (2007) 046109. [ Links ]
6. D. Deangeles, M. Schurr, M. Birnbaum, and B. Harms, Wisconsin Medical Journal, 97 (1998) 42. [ Links ]
7. R. James and K. Landi, American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 25 (2004) 358. [ Links ]
8. K. O'Riordain, P.M. Thomas, J.P Phillips, and M.D. Gilchrist, Clinical Biomechanics, 18 (2003) 590. [ Links ]
9. A. Tencera, R. Kaufman, C. Mack, and C. Mock, Accident Analysis and Prevention 37 (2005) 287. [ Links ]
10. A. Morris, R. Welsh, P. Thomas, and A. Kirk, Proceedings IRCOBI Conference (Prague, Czech Republic 2005). [ Links ]
11. R. Byard, R. Wick, E. Simpson, and J. Gilbert, Forensic Science International 159 (2006) 200. [ Links ]
12. A. Ibitoye A. Amolde, S. Wong, and R. Rdin, 37 (2006) 56. [ Links ]
13. C. Duncan, B Corben, N. Truedsson, and C. Tingvall, Australian transport Safety Bureau, (Contract Report No. 201, 2000). [ Links ]
14. R. Byard, R. Wick, E. Simpson, and J. Gilbert, Forensic Science International 159 200. [ Links ]
15. A. Ibitoye, A. Amolda, S. Wong, and R. Radin, Advances in Engineering Software 37 56. [ Links ]
16. C. Duncan, B. Corben, N. Truedsson, and C. Tingvall, Australian Transport Safety Bureau Contract Report No. 201. [ Links ]
17. C. Gorrie, S. Oakes, J. Duflou P. Blumbergs, and P. Waite. Journal of Neurotrauma 19 (2002) 1171. [ Links ]
18. Clinical Growth Charts, Health Survey of National Center of Health Statistics (See www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm). [ Links ]
19. W. Nelson, Tratado de Pediatría (McGraw Hill, México, 1980) p.11. [ Links ]
20. L. Kieffer and M. Sanchez, Anuales Medicos 47 (2002) 4. [ Links ]
21. J. Magnar, United States Patent Application Publication, Pub. No. US2007/0235041 A1, (Pub. 2007). [ Links ]