ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN

 

Tobacco use among Romanian youth

 

Consumo de tabaco en jóvenes rumanos

 

 

Lucia M. Lotrean, MD^I; Carmen Ionut, MD, PhD^I; Hein de Vries,PhD^II

^IDepartment of Environmental Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
^IIDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This paper reviews data published between 1990 and 2006 regarding smoking prevalence as well as individual and contextual influences on the smoking behavior among Romanian young adults. Highlights include a consideration of multiple levels of influence, from intra-individual factors, such as demographic and cognitive factors, to social influences, such as families and peers, to the more macro, societal/cultural levels of influence, including advertising and tobacco-related policies The source of data is represented by articles and short information published in journals or in electronic format, legislation, statistics and are illustrated with pictures. Based on these data, recommendations for future smoking prevention and reduction actions for Romanian youth are taken.

Key words: tobacco use; youth; tobacco industry tactics; Romania

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RESUMEN

Se revisan datos publicados entre 1990 y 2006 sobre prevalencia de tabaquismo, así como influencias individuales y contextuales respecto al hábito de fumar entre adultos jóvenes rumanos. Los hallazgos incluyen una consideración de múltiples niveles de influencia, desde factores intraindividuales (por ejemplo, demográficos y cognitivos), influencias sociales (como familia y pares), hasta niveles de influencia macro sociales/culturales (publicidad y políticas relacionadas con el tabaco, entre otros). La fuente de datos incluye artículos y notas breves publicadas en revistas científicas o en formato electrónico, leyes, estadísticas, y se ilustran con imágenes. Con base en estos datos, se establecen recomendaciones para acciones futuras de prevención y reducción del consumo de tabaco en jóvenes rumanos.

Palabras clave: consumo de tabaco; jóvenes; tácticas de la industria tabacalera; Rumanía

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It is estimated that each year in Europe tobacco use is responsible for more than 1.2 million deaths, 700 000 of which occur in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.¹ In Romania smoking is responsible for more than 32 000 of deaths annually.² Particular concern is caused by the increasing trends in smoking prevalence among Romanian young adults, which call for comprehensive actions of smoking prevention and reduction among this group.³

The argument for smoking prevention among adolescents is based on the observation that if smoking does not start during adolescence, it is unlikely to ever occur and on data indicating that the probability of cessation among adults is inversely related to age at initiation. Even infrequent experimental smoking in adolescence significantly increases the risk of adult smoking as well as the risk of diseases and death.⁴

In order to develop a comprehensive strategy regarding smoking prevention and reduction among Romanian youth, it is very important to make a clear diagnosis of the situation, to identify the factors which lead to this situation and the mechanisms that could help in tobacco control actions.

The objective of this paper is to review the data focused on Romanian adolescents' smoking behavior published between 1990-2006, in order to reveal the weaknesses and strengths of tobacco control targeting young adults in Romania. Based on these data, recommendations for future actions for smoking prevention and reduction for Romanian youth are made.

 

Material and Methods

This paper reviews data regarding smoking prevalence as well as individual and contextual influences on the smoking behavior among Romanian young adults. Highlights include a consideration of multiple levels of influence, from intra-individual factors, such as demographic and cognitive factors, to social influences, such as families and peers, to the more macro, societal/cultural levels of influence, including advertising and tobacco-related policies.

The data sources consist of articles and short papers published in journals or in electronic format, legislation, statistics, and are accompanied by illustrations.

Smoking prevalence among Romanian young adults

For many years in Romania there was a scarcity of published data regarding smoking prevalence among Romanian young adults. The few studies available were based on national representative surveys.

A study performed among 18-19 year-old school students as part of a national surveillance program regarding lifestyle of Romanian school students shows that between 1993 and 1999 smoking prevalence rose from 9 to 24% among girls and from 20 to 38% among boys. Unfortunately no clear definition of smoking used by the study is available.⁵

Several studies have recently documented the prevalence of smoking among Romanian young adults. According to The National Survey on Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs, which is part of The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) carried out in 2003, 64% of 16 year-old Romanian school students reported smoking at least once during their lifetime, being noticed an increase of 11% compared with the year 1999.³

The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) carried out for the first time in Romania in 2003 shows that 56.7% of 13-17 year-old school students had ever smoked cigarettes and 23.2% currently smoke cigarettes (smoked cigarettes at least once in the past month). ⁶ These data are similar to those found in other former communist countries such as Slovakia, Slovenia, Serbia and Hungary.⁷

A general population based study from 2003 points out that 40.6% of the Romania young adults aged 14/24 years old smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime.⁸

According to another study from 2004, smoking prevalence among general population aged 15-24 years is 61.8% during lifetime and 32.9% within the past month previous to the survey.⁹

Individual factors which influence smoking behavior

Sociodemographics

Although historically the prevalence of smoking was higher among young men than young women, data from different western European countries have revealed that the rates of current smoking and initiation to smoking are approximately equal for the two groups.⁴ This pattern started to be found in some Central and Eastern European countries, such as Hungary and Serbia.⁷ In Romania smoking is still more frequent among boys than girls. The GYTS shows that 49.1% of young girls smoked at least once during lifetime and 19.7% smoked in the month previous the survey, while smoking prevalence among boys was 65.1% during their lifetime, and 27.1% in the past month.⁶

A general population-based study presents that 29.8% of 14-24 year-old Romanian girls smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime, while the figure was 50.6% of Romanian boys from the same age group.⁸ Nevertheless, in recent times gender differences are becoming less significant.

Cognitive factors

Different cognitive factors have been consistently found to be predictors of smoking onset in many studies from North America or Western European countries,^4,10,11,12 but few data are available from Eastern European countries, including Romania.

Similar to their counterparts from other countries, Romanian adolescents often concentrate on the short-term benefits of tobacco use, neglecting its harmful effects.^1,13 One in three Romanian young adults 15-24 years of age believes that smoking less than 10 cigarettes /day can not be dangerous to health.⁹ Smoking is mainly a social activity for them and a way of controlling their emotions such as stress and nervousness.^13,14 Many of them do not have refusal skills, since the smoking prevention programmes in Romania were generally concentrated only on offering information on health effects of smoking.^13,14

Social influences

In Romania smoking has a high social acceptance and Romanian young adults often see teenagers and adults smoking. The prevalence of daily smoking among general population older than 15 years is 31.3%, while 62.1% of them smoked at least once during their lifetime.⁹

Parents and siblings' behavior and attitudes regarding smoking have been proved to be important factors in influencing smoking behavior of young adults.^4,15 In Romania almost two thirds of 13-17 year-old school students have at least one parent who is a smoker.⁶ Moreover, 9 out of 10 school students declared that they are exposed to passive smoking in their homes.⁶

This is not surprising, since other studies show that 54.6% of smokers aged 14-60 years smoke at home in the presence of other non-smoking members of their family.⁸

Many studies from different countries proved that peer influence is an important factor associated with smoking behavior among teenagers.^4,12 Since the prevalence of smoking among youth is high in Romania, many adolescents have friends and classmates who smoke and thus they are probably often confronted with cigarette offers and pressure to smoke from their peers. Actually, a study carried out among 15-16 year-old school students from Cluj-Napoca, a big town of Romania, shows that having friends who smoke is an important factor associated with smoking among Romanian teenagers.¹⁴

Societal/cultural influences

Tobacco advertising and promotion

After the fall of the communist regime in 1989, all Eastern European countries, including Romania, have suffered the invasion of transnational tobacco companies (TTC), which discovered new important markets in this part of the world.

As Philip Morris documents show (Bates No: 2500120503-0537) their strategy was to work very closely with high level officials and to impose the policy they wanted:¹⁶

"PM's strategy has been to work via top-level political contacts in Eastern European markets, notably in the Finance Ministries. PM is also making use of US diplo matic missions in the Eastern Countries to convey our point of view. This effort is being done in coordination with our Washington office, while our monitoring and lobbying capabilities in EE are being beefed up."

One example that shows that this strategy adopted by all TTC is an effective one is the position of US ambassador Alfred Moses addressed in 1994 in audience at the grand opening of a new American cigarette factory near Bucharest, the capital of Romania: "I am sure that Camel and the other splendid products of the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co. will prosper in Romania."

At the same time, transnational tobacco companies have started an aggressive campaign of promotion in Romania, including ample advertisement targeted to young adults as well as sponsorship of different social and cultural events for youth. Figure 1a presents a picture from a concert at a club in Bucharest, the capital of Romania, sponsored by the tobacco industry, where one of the singers was a girl from the audience.

 

 

Selling packages of cigarettes with less than 20 cigarettes (figure 1b), offering objects with a cigarette brand logo as well as free cigarette samples were other tactics used by the tobacco companies in Romania in the past 15 years.

GYTS shows that 22.2% of Romanian school students aged 13/17 years old have an object with a cigarette brand logo and 11.6% were offered free cigarettes by a tobacco company representative.⁶

The tobacco companies have tried all the time to associate the image of smoking with the idea of freedom, success, wellness and a Western value system whose allure has been hard to resist for adolescents during their search for identity.

In spite of this, the tobacco companies denied that they promoted their products to young adults, and they even organized so-called smoking prevention programs. Phillip Morris Romania and British American Tobacco Romania launched in 2000 and 2001 the smoking prevention program "The decision is mine" (figure 1c). The main message of the program was that smoking is a decision of adults, provoking in this way the young adults, who want to be considered mature, to smoke. The program had the support of the Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Youth and Sports and Ministry of Health of that time.

Tobacco control in Romania

Legislation regarding tobacco advertising

After political changes from 1989, cigarettes were present practically in all mass media - on TV, radio, outdoor billboards, magazines, etc - with attractive spots, banners and articles.

Since 2000, advertisement was regulated partially, nowadays accepting some forms of indirect advertisement: outdoor, sponsorship for cultural events, advertisement inside journals, magazines and books.^17,18

Cigarette availability for teenagers

In Romania there is a complete ban for sale of single or unpacked cigarettes and for selling of tobacco products to minors (less than 18 years of age).¹⁹ However, the law is very poorly enforced. GYTS show that 62.9% of teenagers who smoke buy cigarettes from a store.⁶ Also, the price of cigarettes in Romania was quite low in the past 15 years.¹⁶

Smoke-free areas in public places

In Romania smoking in public places (except pubs and restaurants), workplaces, health care buildings and public transportation is banned, but the law is not very well enforced.^16,20,21 GYTS show that more than 8 out of 10 Romanian teenagers are exposed to cigarette smoke in public places.⁶

Tobacco control actions and programs

During the past 15 years, education for children, adolescents and young adults from Romania regarding tobacco use prevention had and still has weaknesses. Not enough informational and educational programmes were implemented. Often the programmes were implemented just occasionally and for a short period of time, evidencing the lack of long term strategies as well as the lack of evaluation of the programmes.

On the other hand, health professionals were not offering frequent smoking cessation counseling to their patients, whatever their age. The primary impediment to their accepting responsibility for tobacco control lies in their failure to recognize that their professional responsibility extends beyond the treatment and cure of tobacco-caused diseases and includes the prevention and cessation of tobacco use. This lack of recognition is reinforced by a medical compensation system that does not pay for counseling and cessation services.

In the past few years different governmental institutions such as the Ministry of Health and the National Agency against Drugs as well as non-governmental organizations were starting to get more actively involved in tobacco control actions. Several campaigns and programmes have been organized for smoking prevention and cessation, based upon previous similar international campaigns, funded by international, national and local organizations. These have included Celebrate World and National No Tobacco Days, campaign of information and education regarding passive smoking, and smoking prevention and cessation programmes for teenagers such as Quit and Win, SmokeFree Class Competition, I do not smoke, Adolescent smoking cessation and Protego. Table 1 describes the target group and content of these programmes.

 

 

As a signatory to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control since the end of 2005, Romania is in the process of further strengthening its tobacco control legislation and activities.

Conclusions

After the change of the political regime in 1989, Romania was confronted with an aggressive promotion campaign developed by the transnational tobacco companies as well as with a lack of sustainability in the field of tobacco control. Under these circumstances, it is not surprising that the social acceptance and prevalence of smoking increased among Romanian young adults. From this point of view, Romania is a good example of how effective the tobacco industry strategies can be for penetrating a new market, including influencing political factors. A similar situation was encountered in other Eastern European countries.⁷

Hence, a comprehensive tobacco control strategy needs to be adopted and applied in Romania. One focus must be on educational smoking prevention programs, which should help Romanian young adults to develop skills to cope with pressure to smoke and with challenging situations. Programs that motivate and help smoking adolescents to quit smoking must be also implemented for Romanian young adults, since many of them are already regular smokers.

As several studies from different countries showed,^21-23 ban on tobacco advertising and tobacco industry promotional activities, restrictions of smoking in public places, enforcing a smoke-free schools policy, and increase of cigarette price could effect important benefits in preventing and decreasing smoking among Romanian adolescents. Mass media could be also a useful ally in attempts of promoting a non-smoking culture among Romanian young adults.

Regular surveys should also be performed to monitor the situation and the effectiveness of tobacco control programs, campaigns, and actions.

On the way to integration to the European Union, the Romanian legislation has to be harmonized with the European one and in this moment different governmental as well as nongovernmental organizations should actively advocate and help to speed-up the application of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Romania.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr. Cornel Radu Loghin from the non-governmental organization Pure Air, Romania for his help in the process of gathering information for this article.

 

References

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2. Shafey O, Dolwick S, Guindon GE, ed. Tobacco Control Country Profiles 2003. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2003.         [ Links ]

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Accepted on: March 6, 2006

 

 

Address reprint request to: Lucia Maria Lotrean. Primaverii 6/166, 400540. Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Email: llotrean@umfcluj.ro