ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

 

Prevalence of disordered eating and its impact on quality of life among a group of college students in a province of west Turkey

 

Prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo y su impacto en la calidad de vida de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios en una provincia del oeste de Turquía

 

 

Mustafa Tozun, MD,^I; Alaettin Unsal, MD,^II; Unal Ayranci, MD,^II; Gul Arslan, PhD.^II

^IOdunpazari Community Health Center. Yenikent-Eskisehir, Turquía
^IIOsmangazi University. Meselik Eskisehir, Turquía

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ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) among a group of college students and assess its impact on quality of life.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted between December 15^th, 2008 and January 15^th, 2009 at a Turkish University. Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40) was used to identify DE. Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) was assessed by Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36.
RESULTS: The prevalence of DE was 6.8%. Presence of any physical defect (OR: 2.657), parents living separately (OR: 3.114), mothers having an education level of secondary school and over (OR: 2.583), and families not having social health insurance (OR: 2.603) were important risk factors (f<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The HRQoL of those with DE was worse than those without it. Periodic screenings should be done to determine DE cases.

Key words: disordered eating; quality of life; students; Turkey

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RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) entre un grupo de estudiantes universitarios, y evaluar su impacto en la calidad de vida.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Este estudio se realizó entre el 15 de diciembre de 2008 y enero de 2009 en una universidad turca. Se utilizó el Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40) para identificar CAR. La calidad de vida se evaluó por el estudio de resultados médicos Short Form-36.
RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de CAR fue de 6,8%. La presencia de: cualquier defecto físico (RM: 2,657), padres separados (RM: 3,ll4), madre con nivel de educación de escuela de secundaria o más (RM: 2,583), familia sin seguro social (RM: 2,603) fueron importantes factores de riesgo (p<0,05).
CONCLUSIONES: La salud y calidad de vida de las personas con CAR fue peor. Se deben hacer exámenes periódicos para determinar casos de CAR.

Palabras clave: trastornos de la alimentación; calidad de vida; estudiantes; Turquía

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Disordered eating (DE) patterns are a series of behavioral disorders which are associated with physiological and physical alterations. The etiology of DE is unknown, but there are many social, biological and psychological factors that play a relevant role in their pathogenesis.¹ They are also known to be chronic, persistent, and refractory to treatment.² DE is a major public health problem among adolescents because of their high prevalence and their potentially serious physical and psychological consequences.³ In recent years, psychometric tests have been used with patients with DE to evaluate different factors that may be present in these patients. Among the many existing tests, two are the most commonly used to evaluate DE: the Eating Disorders Inventory and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40).

Adolescence is a transition from childhood to adulthood typically characterized by increased demands for coping with multiple social, biological, and psychological changes, as well as by the emergence of the cognitive precursors of adulthood. In some instances, the changes and demands of adolescence may leave a teenager feeling helpless, confused, and pessimistic about the future. Especially during this period, increased concerns about body image can prepare the ground for DE.⁴

Individuals with DE have eating-related obsessions, such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The personality profiles that emerged for anorexia nervosa are characterized by low novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, high persistence, and low self-directedness, and for bulimia nervosa they are high novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, and low self-directedness.⁵ The etiology of DE is widely accepted to be a combination of genetic, psychological and socio-cultural factors, i.e. they are bio-psycho-social disorders.⁶ Common risk factors across DE types include sex, race or ethnicity, childhood eating and gastrointestinal problems, elevated shape and weight concerns, negative self-evaluation, sexual abuse and other adverse events, and general psychiatric co-morbidity.⁷

In some studies previously conducted, the prevalence of DE among university students has been reported to vary between 3.5% and 28.5%.^8,9 Several literature research results indicate that the frequency or development of DE may be affected by certain individual characteristics -such as gender, obesity, physical defects, chronic diseases, undesirable events, smoking, alcohol consumption, body shape, and acne- and certain parental characteristics -such as father's or mother's educational level, job and family life and life event such as the death of parents.^10-12

In addition, DE has an impairing effect on HRQoL, and impaired HRQoL denotes functional limitations and perceived difficulties in everyday life caused by a disease or illness.¹³ There are many studies reporting that HRQoL among those with DE was affected negatively.^14,15

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of DE in a group of university students, to ascertain the possible risk factors related to DE, and to assess its impact on HRQoL.

 

Materials and Methods

Setting

The present study was conducted in a cosmopolitan city with two universities. The study was carried out at Anatolia University, which has 21 schools and colleges with roughly 25 000 students; it was conducted at the university's College of Physical Education.

Instruments

A demographic questionnaire was prepared by the researchers that included information about the students' sociodemographic, individual and familial characteristics, as well as their health status.

The Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40) was used to identify DE. This test, developed by Garner and Garfinkel, uses a self-assessment scale that objectively measures the symptoms of DE.¹⁶ Its validity and reliability was conducted by a study in Turkey by Savasir and Erol.¹⁷ The scale consists of 40 questions, the answers to which were evaluated with a six-point Likert scale, from "always" to "never." The resulting scores ranged between 0 and 120 points and individuals scoring 30 points and over were considered as persons with a high risk of DE.

HRQoL was assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), which is the health survey questionnaire most widely used for rating HRQoL. The original questionnaire was developed by Ware and Sherbourne¹⁸ and reliability and validity studies for the Turkish version of SF-36 were performed by Kocyigit et al.¹⁹ This is a self-evaluation instrument consisting of 36 items. The individuals answered the questions in the SF-36 scale according to their status over the previous four weeks. The scores ranged between 0 and 100 for each separate area. As the scores obtained from the scale increased, HRQoL also positively increased.

Sampling

This study was conducted between December 15th, 2008 and January 15th, 2009. The number of the students studying in the college was 745, most of whom (n=542) were females. Of the 745 students, 66 were excluded from the survey due to unwillingness to participate in the research (n=17) and not being in classes at the time of the study (n=49). The remaining 679 (679/745) students constituted the study group.

Procedures

All subjects were told that participation in the investigation was strictly voluntary and that the data collected would not be used for anything except for this research study. Following the completion of the questionnaires and inventories, their body mass index (BMI) was calculated by measuring the heights and weights of each student. Those who had BMIs of 25 kg/m² and over were defined as overweight or obese.²⁰ Students were also examined for the existence of acne vulgaris through physical inspection.

Smoker was defined as having smoked at least one cigarette per day, and alcohol drinker as having reported a weekly alcohol intake greater than 30 ml of ethanol. The amount of pocket money that the students obtained from their family was evaluated as enough or insufficient according to the students' own opinions. Those having physical or sensorial problems were identified if any visual impairment, hearing and orthopedic problems, etc. were present. Acne vulgaris was determined with visual examination.

Legal ethical consent

Ethical permission for the study was obtained prior to collecting data by contacting and receiving approval from the appropriate authority at the Anatolia University. Informed consent was obtained from the subjects participating in the study according to that established by the Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects in the Helsinki Declaration.

Statistics

The statistical analysis was carried out using the Student's t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Significantly related variables were assessed using a model with a backward stepwise logistic regression analysis.

 

Results

Sociodemographic data

Of the participants, 492 (72.5%) were male and 187 (27.5%) female. The average age of the participants was 21.6 ±2.2 years (range= 17-29 years). Nearly 30% of students were in the 4^th year (31.7%), followed by the 1^st year (22.5%). Most students (36.2%) were in the age group of 20 and below. Seven students (1.0%) reported that they had no siblings, and 113 (16.6%) reported that they had 5 siblings or over. Nearly 50% of the students (48.2%) reported that they lived with their friends. The present study showed a prevalence of DE of 6.8% (n=46).

Of the students with DE, 29 (63.0%) were male and 17 (37.04%) female. Detailed sociodemographic characteristics of students by status of disordered eating are presented in Table I.

EAT-40 scores

The average score that the students obtained from the EAT-40 was 15.13±7.41, ranging from 1 to 40, with scores of 16.81± 7.79 and 14.49± 7.16 for females and males, respectively (t= 3.670, df= 677, p< 0.001) (data not shown).

Individual characteristics

The prevalence of overweight/obesity in the study group was 8.7% (n=59). There was no difference between those with DE and without DE in terms of the frequency of DE (p>0.05). The number of those with any kind of physical or sensorial problem was 59 (8.7%), and a significant difference in frequency of DE was found between those who had physical or sensorial problems and those who did (15.3% vs 6.0%, respectively; p<0.05). The number of those with any type of chronic disease requiring the use of drugs was 43 (6.3%). It was found that the frequency of smoking among the students was 26.7% (n=181) and that frequency of alcohol consumption was 28.4% (n=193). The number of students experiencing an unwanted event in the past was 184 (27.1%) and the prevalence of facial acne vulgaris was 29.3% (n=199). The students' DE status according to their individual characteristics is presented in Table II.

Parental characteristics

There was no difference between those whose mother or father were dead and those whose mother or father were alive in terms of the prevalence of DE (p>0.05). The number of those whose father or mother were living separately was 43 (6.3%). The number of those whose mother's educational level was secondary school and over was 256 (37.7%), and 431 (63.5%) students had fathers with an educational level of secondary school and over. The frequency of DE was higher for those whose father or mother were living separately, those whose mother's educational level was secondary school and over, and those whose father's educational level was secondary school and over (p<0.05 each). The students' DE status according to their parental characteristics is detailed in Table III. For the females, the frequency of DE was higher for those whose father and mother were living separately (26.7% vs 7.6%, 0<0.05), whose mother's educational level was secondary school and over (14.1% vs 5.5%, p<0.05), whose father's educational level was secondary school and over (12.2% vs 3.1%, p<0.05), whose father was unemployed (12.3% vs 3.1%, p<0.05) and for those whose family had no social health insurance (25.0% vs 7.6%, p<0.05). However, for the males, the frequency of DE was higher only for those whose mother's educational level was secondary school and over (9.0% vs 4.1%, p<0.05) (data not published).

Logistic analysis results

Table IV shows the logistic analysis results for the variables age group, physical or sensorial problems, whether the father and mother lived separately, mother's educational level, father's educational level, health insurance status of the family, and history of any physical disorders in the family that had significant relationships with DE in the bivariate analysis.

Quality of life results

The average scores received for the items on the SF-36 scale were lower for the students with DE as compared to those without DE (p<0.05), with the exception of 'body pain' and 'social functioning' (p>0.05 for each one). Table V indicates the average scores on the SF-36 scale for those with and without DE.

 

Discussion

DE is considered the third most prevalent chronic health condition among adolescent females. In the present study, 6.8% of college students were rated with abnormal eating attitudes by the EAT-40; this appears to be similar to findings by other studies performed in Turkey and other countries.^21,22

DE can be expected to be more common among those with a physical or sensorial problem, which is consistent with the present study's findings that DE was more frequent among those with physical or sensorial problems (OR:2.657, p<0.05). In addition, Pruneti et al. have reported that there was a relationship between body perception and DE, especially for females.²²

As part of the developmental process of adolescence, the individual undergoes dramatic physical, psychological, and social changes. For the adolescent with a chronic illness, these changes may impact the ability of the adolescent and their family to successfully negotiate the demands of this period.⁶ Chronic health conditions may increase dissatisfaction with the body and feelings of isolation from peers, potentially increasing the risk of psychopathology associated with adolescence, such as eating and body image distortion.²³ The present study did not find any differences in frequency of DE (p>0.05) between the students who had any chronic disease diagnosed by a physician and those who did not; this is consistent with the study by Ilhan et al.²⁴ However, there are also many studies reporting that DE is seen more frequently in adolescents who have chronic diseases.²⁵

In the present study, there was no connection between those with facial acne vulgaris and those without in terms of the frequency of DE (p>0.05). This could be explained by the fact that the number of students in the study group was low and that the frequency of acne was rare. However, for those with DE, it is known that the facial acne was significantly more frequent. By way of an explanation for this, it has been suggested that acne negatively affects psychosocial health due to the psychological issues attached to it, which include pain and discomfort, shame, body image concerns, social assertiveness, obsessive-compulsiveness, embarrassment, and social inhibition.¹⁰

It has been known that stressful life events -such as parents living separately, the loss of one or both parents, and divorce- are significant risk factors for DE.²⁶ This study did not find any difference between the students whose parents were alive and those whose parents were dead in terms of the frequency of DE (p>0.05). However, for students whose parents were divorced/separated, the frequency of DE was found to be higher when compared to those whose parents were living together (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis conducted for the present study also determined that having parents who live apart or who are divorced is an important risk factor for DE (OR: 3.114; p<0.05). Robinson and Andersen also reported similar results.²⁷

Kim and Yang indicated that there was a negative relationship between parent-adolescent communication and DE.¹¹ One of the important factors affecting communication between parents and children is the education level of parents. It is expected that parents with higher education levels have better relationships with their children. In the present survey, however, the frequency of DE was significantly higher for students whose mother and father's education levels were secondary school and over than for those whose mother and father's education level was primary school and below (p<0.05). Likewise, the logistic regression analysis showed that having mothers with an education level of secondary school and over was an important risk factor for DE (OR:2.583; p<0.05). Contrary to this, Díaz Benavente et al. reported that they did not find any relationship between education level and EAT-40 scores,²⁸ which suggests that further studies are warranted.

The present study determined that families with no social health insurance were at greater risk of DE (OR:2.603; p<0.05), which is consistent with the studies by some researchers indicating that there was a connection between socioeconomic status and the frequency of DE.^12,29

The present study found that HRQoL was worse for students with DE. The average scores for all the items on the SF-36 scale, except for 'body pain' and 'social functioning' (p>0.05, for each one), were lower for students with DE than for those without (p<0.05, for each one). Similarly, many studies indicated that the average scores for all the items on the SF-36 scale were lower for those with DE when compared to those without DE.^15,16

Several important limitations should be considered when interpreting the results of the present study, one which is that this study was cross-sectional, thus precluding inferences of causality among variables. The second limitation is the use of self-reporting. Third, the sample for the current study comprised a group of students in just one city in Turkey, which may limit the generalization of results. Thus, a study with a large sample containing different universities in the country needs to be conducted. Finally, since the scale was used as a screening test rather than a definite diagnosis, those who were at the risk of eating disorders were not actually diagnosed with EAT-40.

 

Conclusions

The present study found that DE among university students was a significant public health problem and that the HRQoL of those with DE was worse. As a result, we conclude that effective psychological counseling services for university students should be provided and that periodic screenings should be done to determine DE cases in the early stages. Finally, DE cases should be referred to specialized psychiatry centers for specific diagnosis and treatment, which could result in an improvement in HRQoL levels.

 

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the students for their valuable efforts and university management for their permission. There is no conflict of interest for this study.

 

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Address reprint requests to:
Unal Ayranci
Osmangazi University
Medico-Social Center
26480 Meselik-Eskisehir/Turquía
E-mail: unalayrancioglu@yahoo.com

Received on: August 17, 2009
Accepted on: March 19, 2010