ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

 

Prevalence and distribution of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexican adult population. A probabilistic survey

 

Prevalencia y distribuición de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en población adulta mexicana. Una encuesta probabilística

 

 

Salvador Villalpando, MD, PhD; Vanessa de la Cruz, MSc; Rosalba Rojas, PhD; Teresa Shamah-Levy, MSc; Marco Antonio Ávila, BSc; Berenice Gaona, M Sc; Rosario Rebollar, Lab Tech, Lucia Hernández MSc

Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

 

 

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ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, distribution and degree of control of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexican population.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were classified as previously diagnosed T2D (PD); or as "finding of the survey" (FS) (glucose >126 mg/dL). Hemoglobin A1c was measured in PD-subjects.
RESULTS: The prevalence for PD-T2D was 7.34% (95%CI 6.3, 8.5) and for FS 7.07% (95%CI 6.1, 8.1), summing 14.42%; (7.3 million diabetics). 5.3% of PD-T2D were in good, 38.4% in poor and 56.2% very poor control. Older age (OR=0.96, 95%CI 0.94, 0.97), lower BMI (OR=0.95, 95%CI 0.91, 1.0), were protective for poor control. Affiliation to private services (OR=1.77, 95%CI 0.98, 3.13), larger T2D duration (OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.01, 1.08), and combining oral medication and insulin (OR=16.1, 95%CI 1.61, 161) were riskier.
CONCLUSIONS: We found an alarming prevalence of T2D in Mexican population; the majority of PD diabetics are in poor control. Research on the latter is warranted.

Key words: diabetes; prevalence surveys; glycosylated hemoglobin; Mexico

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RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia, distribución y grado de control de diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) en población mexicana.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los sujetos fueron clasificados como "previamente diagnosticados" (PD) o "hallazgos de la encuesta" (FS) (glucosa >126 mg/dL). La hemoglobina A1c se midió en DT2-PD.
RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de DT2-PD fue 7.34% (IC95% 6.3, 8.5) y 7.07%.(IC95% 6.1, 8.1) para FS, sumando 14.42% (7.3 millones de diabéticos). Los DT2-PD tenían 5.3% control bueno, 38.4%, malo y 56.2% muy malo. Tener mayor edad (RM=0.96, IC95% 0.95, 0.97) o IMC más bajo (RM=0.95, IC95% 0.91, 1.0) fueron protectores contra mal control. Atenderse en servicios médicos privados (RM=1.77, IC95% 0.98, 3.13), larga duración de DT2 (RM=1.05, IC95% 1.01, 1.08) o recibir hipoglucemiantes más insulina (RM=16.1, IC95% 1.61, 161) fueron de riesgo.
CONCLUSIONES: Existe una prevalencia alarmante de DT2 en la población mexicana, la mayoría de los PD-DT2 tenían mal control glicémico. Se necesita más investigación sobre este problema.

Palabras clave: diabetes; prevalencia; encuestas; hemoglobina glucosilada; México

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The growing global epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is expected to increase from 171 million cases in 2000 to 366 millions in 2030.^1,2 Along with its associated morbidities, including microvascular damage, ischemic heart diseases and stroke. T2D is one the most frequent causes of demand for medical care, disability and mortality in adult population from developing and developed countries.³

The mortality rate of T2D in México increased from 43.3 to 53.2 deaths by 100000 inhabitants from 1998 to 2002, representing 30% of the total mortality in adults. Diabetes is the first cause of hospital discharge in the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), which is the purveyor of medical care for about 60% of the population. Duration of hospital stay is also larger in diabetics (6.1 days) compared with all other diseases (3.5 days).³

There is some uncertainty about the prevalence of T2D in Mexican population, due to methodological or geographical constrains in the design of the reports available. The prevalence of diabetes using a mixture of self report, fasting and casual capillary glucose determinations was 6.7% in the 1993 National Survey of Chronic Diseases (ENEC),⁴ and 7.5% in adults 20 years of age or older in the National Health Survey (ENSA 2000).⁵ In a subsample of the latter survey, assembled with beneficiaries of the IMSS, the prevalence was 8.1%.⁶

However, other population-based studies reported a higher prevalence. A prevalence of 13.8% was reported in low socioeconomic level adults 20 years or older, living in Mexico City.⁷ Another probabilistic survey carried-out in a poor neighborhood of Mexico City found in 35-64 years of age subjects, a very high prevalence of T2D (13.1%).⁸ Focal reports from specific populations vary widely. In rural areas of the State of Durango the prevalence was 3.2% in 1997,⁹ and in urban population of San Luis Potosí was 10% in 1994.¹⁰ In Pima and non-Pima Indians living in the state of Sonora the prevalence of T2D was 6.9% and 2.6%, respectively.¹¹

The quality of health care for diabetics in Mexico has been questioned some years ago, based on the poor results of metabolic control indicators (glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, and fructosamine) evaluated in a population-based study.¹²

The objective of this investigation is to describe the prevalence and distribution of T2D and to describe some characteristics of the medical care of subjects with a history of T2D in a national probabilistic sample of Mexican adults older than 20 years, from the Mexican National Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT 2006).

 

Material and Methods

Population and methods

The ENSANUT 2006 is a probabilistic, multistage, stratified, clustered survey balanced by the 32 states of the country, which included visits to about 45000 households. The methodology is described elsewhere in detail.¹³ Fasting blood samples were randomly obtained from 30% of the 45446 subjects along with a health related questionnaire. Sociodemographic and health information was collected using ad hoc questionnaires. Fasting blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein and serum was separated by spinning down the blood sample "in situ" at 2500 g in a portable centrifuge. A separate whole blood sample was furnished by subjects who self reported to be diabetics, diagnosed by a physician. Serum and whole blood aliquots were stored in cryovials placed in liquid nitrogen and transported to the laboratory of Biochemistry of Nutrition of Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública in Cuernavaca, Morelos. To assure a higher rate of fasting subjects, selected individuals were contacted in their homes and an appointment for blood drawing was arranged. Subjects were instructed to refrain from eating any solid or liquid food overnight. In all cases the timing of the last food eaten was registered.

Serum glucose concentrations were measured using an automatized glucose oxidase method, with an overall interassay coefficient of variation of <5%. The proportion of A1c Hemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined by an immunocolorimetric method in whole blood.¹⁴

Subsample to assess the prevalence of diabetes

For the purpose of this investigation a subsample of 6350 sera out of the 12633 available was randomly selected. Such a subsample was calculated to be representative of the national and four geographic regions level, i.e., Northern, Center, Center-West, Southern-Southeast. The Northern region included the states of Baja California, South Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora and Tamaulipas. The Center-West region included the states of Distrito Federal, Hidalgo, State of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Querétaro and Tlaxcala. The Center-West region included the states of Aguascalientes, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas. The Southern-Southeast region included the states of Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz and Yucatan.

The subsample was selected randomly, on the following basis: to detect a prevalence of T2D of 8.2%, with a confidence level of 95%, a no response rate of 20% and a design effect of 1.71 (based on estimations from the 1999 National Nutrition Survey (ENN), ENSANUT 2006 and 2000 National Health Survey (ENSA)).

Subsample to assess the characteristics of previously diagnosed diabetics

A separate subsample was assembled with all the subjects (n=1099) who declared to have a previous history of T2D within the survey and had a valid HbA1c determination to describe the clinical characteristics of the diabetic population.

Definition of relevant variables

Subjects living in communities with 2500 or less inhabitants were considered as rural dwellers; all others were considered as urban. A socioeconomic index was constructed based on the household characteristics and family assets by a principal component analysis.¹⁵ Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) was defined as either, subject who declared to have a previously established diagnosis of diabetes by a physician independently of their survey glucose concentration or subjects whose glucose concentration in the fasting blood sample taken during the survey was > 126 mg/dL.¹⁶ From here on, individuals with a previous history of T2D will be called "previously diagnosed" (PD) and those not previously diagnosed with a blood glucose > 126 mg/dL will be called "finding of the survey" (FS).

The degree of metabolic control of the subsample of individuals previously diagnosed as T2D, was assessed as by the percentage of A1c Hemoglobin, cut-off value for good control was <7%.¹⁷ For the purpose of this report subjects with T2D were stratified into the following three categories: <7%= Good control, 7.1-11%= Poor control and >11.1%= Very poor control.

Data analysis

Subjects with a fasting period of less than 8 hr before blood sample (n=365) were excluded from the analysis.

Adjusted prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by multiple logistic regression models for complex samples, adjusting for the study design and an ad hoc expansion factor were applied to adjust for the distribution of the population as in the 2005 Population Counting.¹⁸

An Ordinal logistic regression model (providing proportional odds ratios) was constructed for the subsample of previously diagnosed diabetics. Categories of metabolic control based on the percentage of HbA1c, as described above was the dependent variable and the covariables were age, gender, health institution in charge of his or her medical care, duration of T2D, Pharmaceuticals actually used for the treatment of diabetes, history of hypertension and socioeconomic level. The data analysis was carried out using the Stata software (Stata Statistical Software: Release 7.0).

The protocol was approved by the Research, Ethics and Biosecurity Committee of Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.

 

Results

Subsample to assess the prevalence of T2D

The overall prevalence for previously diagnosed T2D was 7.34% (95% CI 6.3, 8.5) and for new cases found in the survey was 7.07%.(95% CI 6.1, 8.1). The cumulative prevalence of both categories was 14.42%, representing 7.31 million cases at the national level. The ratio of survey-finding/previously diagnosed was 1.03:1.0, meaning that for each known diabetic there is another diabetic that goes undiagnosed.

The partial prevalence by urban/rural stratum of previously diagnosed T2D [7.82% (95% CI 6.6, 9.3) vs 5.5% (95% CI 4.4, 6.9), respectively] and of new cases found during the survey [7.66% (95% CI 6.5, 9.0) vs 4.8% (95% CI 3.6, 6.5), respectively] was significantly higher in urban than in rural dwellers; the overall prevalence resulted also higher in the urban than in the rural sample (15.48 vs 10.39%, respectively) (Table I).

 

 

Males [7.00% (95% CI 5.5, 8.9)] had a slightly lower prevalence of previously diagnosed T2D than females [7.63% (95% CI 6.2, 9.3)], but significantly higher prevalence of survey findings [8.82% (95% CI 7.2, 10.7) vs 5.57% (95% CI 4.7,6.6)]. The overall prevalence was also higher in males (15.82%) than in females (13.20%).

The partial prevalence of T2D increased progressively with age in, both, PD and SF subjects; similarly, the overall prevalence also increased with age, it varied from 3.32% in subjects 20-29 years to 32.75% in subjects 60-69 years of age. There was a decline to 26.12% in population older than 70 years (Table I). The prevalence of SF was higher than that of PD in the groups 20-29 (3.03 vs 0.28%, respectively) and 30-39 (5.68 vs 2.82%, respectively) years of age.

The overall (16.70%) and the partial prevalence in PD T2D [8.94% (95% CI 6.6, 11.2) and in SF 7.75% (95% CI 5.6, 9.8)], were higher in the higher tertile of SES. The prevalence in subjects belonging the highest tertile of SES was significantly higher than in those belonging to the lowest tertile (10.90% overall) and partial [PD 5.57%, (95% CI 3.7, 7.3) and in SF, 5.33 (95% CI 4.0, 6.6)], (Table I).

The overall (11.20%) and the partial prevalence of PD [5.7% (95% CI 4.3, 7.2)] and SF [5.4%, (95% CI 4.0, 6.9) were lowest in the South-southeast region and highest in the Center-West region (18.30%) and [10.2% (95% CI 7.0, 13.4) in PD and 8.1% (95% CI 5.4, 10.8) in SF], respectively (Table I). The Northern and Center regions had an intermediate prevalence of T2D.

Subsample to assess the characteristics of previously diagnosed diabetics

Mode of treatment

This subsample included 1099 subjects with a previous diagnosis of T2D who had valid determinations of HbA1C. Such a subsample was different in some variables compared with the subsample not having HbA1c determinations available (n=1866). The subsample in study had a larger proportion of rural dwellers (16.5 vs 12.4%, p<0.03) and a smaller proportion of subjects in the upper tertile of socioeconomic level (34.7 vs 43.5%, p<0.01) than the latter. No differences were found in the distribution of age, gender, BMI, previous history of hypertension, receiving medical treatment for T2D and duration of T2D.

For the subsample in study the mean age was 55 years (range, 24-92), with no difference by gender. The mean duration of T2D was little longer than eight years (range, 0-65 years), about 35.5% of males and 40.6% of females had a history of hypertension diagnosed by a physician. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were well above the cut off values for overweight and central obesity, both, for males [(BMI 27.9, range 13-41) and (WC 99.9 cm, range 62.8-174.2 cm), respectively] and females [(BMI 28.9, range 16-47) and (WC 99.3 cm, range 63-191.3 cm), respectively)] (Table II). Most of them (99%) were affiliated with a public health care institution, mostly with IMSS (Mexican Institute for Social Security) and with Secretaria de Salud (SSA) and a lesser proportion attended a private service. The great majority was under treatment with some antidiabetic medication, 84.81% was receiving oral antidiabetic agents, 6.79% were on insulin only and 2.46% combinations of insulin and oral antidiabetic agents. Surprisingly, 5.93% were being treated with no medication (Table III). About 24.17% of T2D declared to follow a diet and 1.86% declared to perform exercise routinely as part of the treatment.

 

 

 

 

Only 5.29% (95% CI 3.7, 7.4) of previously diagnosed cases of T2D were categorized as in good control, the rest were categorized as in poor [38.4% (95% CI 34.3, 42.7)] or very poor control [56.2% (95% CI 51.8, 60.6)] (Table III).

In a logistic regression model the odd ratios to be in poor control were protective if older age at the time of survey (OR= 0.96, 95% CI 0.94, 0.97) or had a lower BMI (OR= 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 1.00). The odd ratio to be in poor control indicated higher risk for those who were affiliated with private health services (OR= 1.77, 95%CI 0.98, 3.19), having a larger duration of T2D (OR= 1.05, 95% CI 1.01, 1.08) or being treated with a combination of oral antidiabetic medication and insulin (OR= 16.4, 95% CI 1.61, 164.3) (Table IV).

 

 

Discussion

We present here information about the prevalence and distribution of T2D in adult Mexican population, the strengths of the analysis herein presented are:

1. Prevalence is based on a probabilistic sample representative of the Mexican population;

2. We have assurance that subjects included in the analysis had at least 8 hr fasting and

3. Serum glucose determinations were made in a controlled laboratory setting.

Comparisons with previous reports on the prevalence of T2D in Mexico are difficult because of methodological differences with two other probabilistic surveys. The 2000 National Health survey (ENSA)⁵ reported an overall T2D prevalence of 7.5%, that is, a difference of – 6.9 percentage points (PP) relative to ENSANUT 2006 (14.42%). Taken face value such a difference represents an annual increase rate of 1.15 PP. However, we speculate that the prevalence of T2D was underestimated in 2000, especially the prevalence of new cases found by the survey. Such a speculation is based on the fact that most of the subjects in that survey were not in a fasted state, thus, they were treated as casual determinations of glucose. The prevalence of T2D tends to be underestimated when using casual determinations of glucose.¹⁹ In line with our speculation the prevalence of previously diagnosed T2D resulted more comparable between the two surveys, 5.8% in 2000 and 7.3% in 2006. Another probabilistic surveys^7,11 although limited to low SES population living in Mexico City, yielded in 1996, 13.1% and in 2002 an overall prevalence of 13.8%, which are more akin with the prevalence of 14.42% herein reported. Although the 1996 survey included population 35-64 years of age, while the age in our series included younger and older population (20-97 years of age), which may explain the small differences in the prevalence.

The overall prevalence of T2D in Mexico seems uniquely high compared to other countries in reports of probabilistic surveys after 2001, in individuals older than 20 years of age. In some Asian countries^20-22 the prevalence varied from 4.6 to 8.5%; in England (3.7%) ²³ and in Italy (4.5%).²⁴ The prevalence in Chile was also lower (4.2%), nevertheless this survey included younger individuals starting at 17 years of age.²⁵ However in the USA, the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of the USA) reported a prevalence of previously diagnosed T2D of 5.4% and undiagnosed 2.7% summing 8.1%, but in Hispanic population the prevalence was 1.9-fold the overall prevalence, that is 15.4%.²⁶ Further, the incidence of T2D in Mexican men 35-54, living in Mexico City (range by age decade 1.15-1.98/100 person-year) and in San Antonio Texas (range by age decade 1.48-1.93/100 person-year) were not different.²⁷ The latter figures along with the data from the other surveys carried out in Mexico City population^7,11 give credibility to the high prevalence we are reporting in here. In addition, other populations, as it is the case of Pima Indians living in US, who are genetically close to the native and mestizo Mexican population, exhibited an even higher (39%) prevalence of T2D.¹¹

The prevalence reported for the Center-West region (overall 18.3%), should be interpreted with caution because, although, the subsample was randomly selected, this region resulted in a smaller sample size with lower education (p=0.05) and literacy (p=0.05).²⁸

The T2D diagnosed/undiagnosed ratio in ENSANUT 2006 was 1.03:1.0, while in NHANES was 1:0.5 in the overall population.²⁶ Such a difference might be associated to a lower awareness of the Mexican population to detect early symptoms of diabetes and to seek medical care accordingly, or to a lower sensitivity of the Mexican Health Care System to screen subjects at risk for T2D, or to a combination of both. This fact warrants a careful scrutiny of the subjacent causes. The definition of autoreport of diabetes not including being on antidiabetic medication, may overestimate the prevalence of T2D, however, only 5.8% of previously diagnosed diabetics were not under medical treatment. Substracting such a figure from the data may represent an underestimated prevalence in the same proportion.

The lower prevalence in rural settings and in the lower SES tertile suggest that phenotypic expression of diabetes is prevented or retarded by some lifestyle characteristics, which most probably should include differences in the diet and physical activity level, which were not analyzed in this study. This phenomenon has been thoroughly described as part of the association of environmental factors with the prevalence of T2D in Pima Indians.¹¹ In our present report the prevalence of T2D was significantly lower in the poorest South-southeast region in contrast with the more developed Central regions, adding more evidence to the role of environmental factors in the phenotypic expression of diabetes.

Although most subjects were formally under medical treatment (94%), an overwhelming proportion of cases had a poor glycemic control, as indicated by HbA1c. In a population based report on HbA1c levels of T2D subjects living in Mexico City almost 70% (as by our calculations) of the diabetics had HbA1c above the cut-off defined by the authors for good control.¹² In some hospital based studies assessing in diabetics the impact of monitoring systems or treatments on HbA1c, the proportion of subjects with poor control varied from 10.7% in British diabetics,²⁹ 29.7% in Thai patients³⁰ and 75% in Chinese diabetics.³¹ Except for Chinese population, the other studies showed rates of poor control far below those found in our sample of Mexican diabetics. In the Chinese study the overall proportion of cases with elevated HbA1c was comparably high to our results. In addition they found almost 97% of poor control cases when treated with combinations of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents compared with 71% in those in monotherapy with oral antidiabetic medication.³¹

The issue of massive poor control in the Mexican T2D population warrants urgent research in order to implement strategies aiming to improve the quality and opportunity of medical care to improve the glycemic control.

The higher risk of being in poor glycemic control when receiving a combined therapy with oral drugs and insulin or seeking medical care in private institutions can represent cases of reverse causality, since patients facing difficulties to maintain a reasonable control are more prone to be placed on insulin or switch to private practices to deal with poor control.

In summary we present evidence of an alarming prevalence of T2D in Mexican population one of the highest reported in the literature. In addition, the majority of previously diagnosed diabetics are in catastrophic levels of poor control. The latter calls for urgent actions to improve the accessibility and quality of medical care in order to prevent the consequences of such an epidemic represented by higher mortality rates and severe complications of diabetes. Such complications imply enormous amounts of human suffering besides the impacts on family and State economies.

 

Conflicts of interest

We declare that we have no conflicts of interest.

 

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Received on: August 5, 2009
Accepted on: November 17, 2009

 

 

Address reprint requests to: Dr. Salvador Villalpando. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av Universidad 655, col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. E-mail: svillalp@insp.mx