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Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental
versión impresa ISSN 0188-4999
Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient vol.22 no.4 Ciudad de México oct./dic. 2006
Artículos de revisión
VANADIO: CONTAMINACIÓN, METABOLISMO Y GENOTOXICIDAD
1Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN), Bioterio Campo-II, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, UNAM. A.P. 9-020, D.F. 15000 México. Tel.: +52-5623-0706. Correos electrónicos: juserom@correo.unam.mx, maal@servidor.unam.mx
El vanadio (V) es un metal ampliamente distribuido tanto en la naturaleza como en los sistemas biológicos y es uno de los elementos traza presente en los combustibles de tipo fósil. Por esta razón, la combustión de estos materiales es la fuente más importante de vanadio en el ambiente. En la tabla periódica es el primer elemento de la serie de transición y puede formar compuestos generalmente con valencias III, IV y V. El vanadio, como vanadato, se encuentra principalmente en los fluidos corporales extracelulares, mientras que en el ambiente intracelular el estado de oxidación IV es el más común. Los trabajos sobre el papel biológico del vanadio han ganado mucha importancia en los últimos años debidos a su bien conocido potencial tóxico, mutagénico y genotóxico en una amplia variedad de sistemas biológicos, además de que recientemente el pentóxido de vanadio ha sido clasificado por la IARC (2006) como un posible carcinógeno para los humanos. La información sobre el efecto clastogénico de los compuestos de vanadio es muy poca y controversial, mientras que los datos sobre su potencial mutagénico y genotóxico en sistemas bacterianos, en levaduras y en plantas son poco concluyentes. Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos con células de mamífero, tanto in vitro como in vivo indican que los compuestos de vanadio tienen efectos mutagénicos y genotóxicos, aunque la acción más evidente de estos compuestos es la alteración de la función de los microtúbulos y consistentes efectos citotóxico y citostáticos. Por tales razones algunos autores, incluyéndonos, hemos considerado al vanadio como un mutágeno débil.
Palabras clave: toxicidad de los metales; efectos mutagénicos; efectos genotóxicos; toxicidad celular; vanadio
Vanadium is a transition metal widely distributed in the environment and in biological systems, and it is a major trace element in fossil fuels. Consequently, combustion of these materials is a significant source of vanadium in the environment. In the periodical table, vanadium belongs to the first transition series and can form compounds mainly in valences III, IV and V. The V state of vanadium, as vanadate, predominates in extracellular body fluids whereas the IV form is the most common intracellular form. Research on biological influence of vanadium has gained major importance because it is well known that is exerts potent toxic, mutagenic, and genotoxic effects on a wide variety of biological systems, including that recently compounds as the vanadium pentoxide, has been classified by the IARC (2006) as a possible carcinogenic agent for humans. Information about the clastogenic effects of vanadium compounds is limited and controversial, and data about its mutagenic and genotoxic potential in bacterial, yeast and plants are inconclusive. On the other hand, results obtained in mammalian cells, both in vivo and in vitro, indicate that vanadium compounds produce mutagenic and genotoxic responses, however, the most evident action exhibited by this metal compounds is their ability to disrupt microtubule function, and consistent cytotoxic and cytostatic effects. By these reasons some authors, including us, classify vanadium as a weak mutagen.
Keywords: metals toxicity; mutagenic effects; genotoxic effects; cell toxicity; vanadium
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Recibido: Octubre de 2006; Aprobado: Diciembre de 2006
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
