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Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
versión impresa ISSN 1405-3322
Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex vol.58 no.1 Ciudad de México ene. 2006
https://doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2006v58n1a1
Artículos
Características metalogenéticas de los depósitos de tipo pórfido cuprífero en México y su situación en el contexto mundial
1Estación Regional del Noroeste, Instituto de Geología, UNAM, Apartado Postal 1039, Hermosillo, Sonora, México 83000.
2Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000.
3Servicios Industriales Peñoles S.A. de C.V., Blvd. Navarrete 277, Hermosillo, Sonora, México 83170.
4Department of Geociences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721.
La abundante actividad magmática ocurrida durante el fin del Mesozoico y el inicio del Cenozoico a lo largo de la Cordillera oeste de Norte América, produjo el emplazamiento de numerosos centros de mineralización de tipo pórfido de cobre. Esta actividad se extendió también por todo el occidente de México, particularmente por la región noroeste del país. Esta región junto a las regiones aledañas de Arizona y New Mexico, en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos, constituye uno de los centros con mineralización de cobre más importantes en el mundo, que puede competir en tamaño con los famosos depósitos de la Cordillera oeste de Sur América. La mayor parte de los depósitos de cobre en México se localizan en la porción oriental del cinturón magmático Laramide (90-40 Ma) y predominantemente tienen edades entre 75 y 50 Ma. Los depósitos más grandes y mejor preservados se localizan en el noreste de Sonora, en la parte norte del cinturón, donde Cananea (~30 Mt Cu) y La Caridad (~8 Mt Cu) contienen acumulaciones de metal de gran relevancia a escala mundial. La mineralización de cobre está comúnmente acompañada por concentraciones localmente importantes de molibdeno, tungsteno y oro. La distribución de estos metales está aparentemente asociada a cambios regionales en el tipo de basamento en el cual se emplazó la mineralización. En general se distinguen tres dominios principales: el dominio norte caracterizado por un basamento cristalino proterozoico asociado a los terrenos Norte América y Caborca; un dominio central compuesto por rocas paleozoicas de cuenca marina profunda subyacidas por las rocas cristalinas del terreno Caborca, también definido como el terreno Cortés; y un dominio sur representado por secuencias mesozoicas de arco de islas del Terreno Guerrero. Los datos isotópicos de Sr y Nd disponibles muestran que los plutones laramídicos en los dominios norte y central tienen firmas más evolucionadas en comparación con las del dominio sur, lo cual sugiere que el tipo de basamento intrusionado tuvo una influencia importante en la composición final de los magmas laramídicos, y pudo haber actuado también como un importante control en la distribución espacial de los metales asociados a los sistemas de tipo porfido cuprífero del noroeste de México. En general, aunque los metales no están limitados geográficamente, se puede apreciar una predominancia de depósitos de Cu-Mo-W en la parte norte y central del cinturón subyacida por rocas antiguas de afinidad norteamericana, la cual hospeda los depósitos más importantes. Además, existen varias chimeneas brechoides con altas leyes de molibdeno en esta misma porción del cinturón, justo al sur de la región de Cananea y La Caridad, lo cual sugiere un levantamiento tectónico y erosión relativamente mayor. Más hacia el sur, el cinturón está subyacido por rocas más jóvenes de afinidad oceánica, caracterizadas por el Terreno Guerrero. La mineralización es típicamente de Cu-Au y se encuentra bien distribuida en esta parte del cinturón; sin embargo, las dimensiones de los centros mineralizados conocidos hasta ahora son relativamente pequeñas, siendo los depósitos de El Arco en Baja California (~3.6 Mt Cu) y Santo Tomás en el norte de Sinaloa (~1.1 Mt Cu), los ejemplos más significativos. Este tipo de mineralización se extiende aún más hacia el sur por los estados de Michoacán, Guerrero y Chiapas, en la porción más meridional del país, sin embargo las posibilidades económicas en esta región parecen ser muy limitadas en comparación con la parte norte del cinturón.
Palabras clave: Pórfido; cobre; México; magmatismo; metalogénesis
The widespread magmatic activity that took place during the end of the Mesozoic and the beginning of the Cenozoic along the North American Cordillera produced the emplacement of numerous centers of porphyry copper mineralization. This activity extended through most of western Mexico, particularly along the northwestern part of the country. This part along with the neighbor regions of Arizona and New Mexico, in the United Status, constitutes one of the most important centers of copper mineralization on earth, which may compete in size with the famous deposits of the western Cordillera of South America. Most of the Mexican porphyry copper deposits are located in the eastern part of the Laramide magmatic belt (90-40 Ma) and have ages predominantly between 75 and 50 Ma. The largest and best preserved deposits occur in northeastern Sonora, in the northern part of the belt, where Cananea (~30 Mt Cu) and La Caridad (~8 Mt Cu) accomplish metal concentrations of great relevance at world-level. The copper ores are commonly accompanied by locally important concentrations of molybdenum, tungsten and gold. The metal distribution is apparently associated with regional changes in the type of basement where the ores were emplaced. In general, three main basement domains are distinguished: a northern domain which is characterized by a Proterozoic crystalline basement associated with the North America and the Caborca terranes; a central domain composed by Paleozoic deep-marine water rocks underlain by the crystalline rocks of the Caborca terrane; and a southern domain that is represented by the Mesozoic island-arc related sequences of the Guerrero terrane. The available Sr and Nd isotopic data show that the Laramide plutons in the northern and central domains display more evolved signatures compared to the those of the southern domain, which suggest the that intruded basement played an important role in the final composition of the Laramide magmas, and may have also acted as an important control in the spatial distribution of the porphyry copper metals in the northwestern Mexico systems. In general, although the metals are not geographically restricted, a dominance of Cu-Mo-W can be observed in the north and central domains of the mineralized belt underlain by the ancient rocks of North American affinity, which hosts the most important ore deposits. Moreover, there are several high-grade molybdenum breccia pipe bodies in this part of the belt, just south of the region of Cananea and La Caridad, which may suggest a relatively larger tectonic uplift and erosion. More to the south, the belt is underlain by younger rocks of oceanic affinity, characterized by the Guerrero terrane. The mineralization is typically of Cu-Au, and is well distributed in the southern domain; however, the size of the mineralized centers known so far are relatively small, being the deposits of El Arco in Baja California (~3.6 Mt Cu) and Santo Tomás in northern Sinaloa (~1.1 Mt Cu), the most significant examples. This type of mineralization extends even more to the south through the states of Michoacán, Guerrero and Chiapas, in the southern part of the country, but the economic possibilities of this region appear to be very limited compared to the northern part of the belt.
Key words: Porphyry; copper; Mexico; magmatism; metallogenesis
Agradecimientos
Las ideas iniciales para esta contribución fueron propuestas en el trabajo de tesis doctoral del primer autor (beca CONACYT 84734), y han sido actualmente retomadas en el trabajo de tesis doctoral de Noguez-Alcántara. Parte de los datos analíticos y geológicos discutidos en este estudio fue producida gracias a los fondos del proyecto CONACYT I29887T y de los resultados iniciales del proyecto PAPIITDGAPA (UNAM) IN106603, otorgados al primer autor. Agradecemos el valioso apoyo de las compañías Minera México S.A. de C.V., Servicios Industriales Peñoles S.A. de C.V. y Minera María S.A. de C.V., durante las visitas de campo a las diferentes unidades mineras y prospectos de su propiedad, así como por el acceso a sus informes internos.
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Recibido: 30 de Marzo de 2005; Revisado: 06 de Mayo de 2005; Aprobado: 15 de Febrero de 2006
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
