Ingeniería de alimentos

 

Biosensores mecánicos en el área biológica y alimentaria: Una revisión

 

Mechanical biosensors in biological and food area: A review

 

A.G. Mendoza-Madrigal¹, J.J. Chanona-Pérez¹*, H. Hernández-Sánchez¹, E. Palacios-González², G. Calderón-Domínguez¹, J. V. Méndez-Méndez³, J. Blasco⁴ y L.A. Villa-Vargas⁵

 

¹ Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, C.P. 11340, México, D.F. *Autor para la correspondencia. E-mail: jorge_chanona@hotmail.com Tel.57-29-60-00 ext. 62552, Fax 62463.

² Laboratorio de Microscopía de Ultra Alta Resolución, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas 152, Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, C.P. 07730, México.

³ Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, C.P. 07738, México, D.F.

⁴ Centro de Agroingeniería. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, (IVIA). Cra. Moncada - Naquera km 5, 46113 Moncada, España.

⁵ Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz, Esq. Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, C.P 07738, México D.F.

 

Recibido 20 de enero de 2013
Aceptado 13 de mayo de 2013

 

Resumen

Este trabajo presenta una revisión del estado del arte acerca de la estructura, funcionamiento y clasificación de biosensores aplicados al área biológica y alimentaria. Esta revisión se enfoca hacia biosensores mecánicos que usan mili, micro y nanocantilevers (vigas en voladizo), exponiendo los conceptos básicos de microscopía de fuerza atómica y sistemas ópticos usados como plataforma para la evaluación estos sensores. Se describen además las estrategias de funcionalización y las configuraciones geométricas más usadas, así como los métodos matemáticos para evaluar el desempeño de biosensores mecánicos en modo estático y dinámico, proporcionando ejemplos de aplicación. Se propone una descripción global del efecto de las variables de operación y diseño sobre la sensibilidad de los dispositivos. Se exponen brevemente los procesos de diseño y fabricación de cantilevers basados en la tecnología de silicio, así como información acerca de los BioMEMS y BioNEMS. Finalmente, se describen las tendencias globales de investigación, desarrollo y comercialización de biosensores, así como las posibles áreas de desarrollo para biosensores en alimentos. De esta forma, esta revisión proporciona un panorama global de los biosensores, que pretende servir como guía introductoria para ubicar los aspectos más importantes de esta tecnología.

Palabras clave: biorensores, cantilever, microscopía de fuerza atómica, alimentos.

 

Abstract

A review of state the art about the structure, classification and operation of biosensors applied in food and biological areas is presented. This review is focused to mechanical biosensors that use mili, micro and nanocantilevers. Basic concepts of atomic force microscopy and optical systems, used as testing platform of biosensors are described. The most funcionalized strategies and geometrical configurations are also explained. Mathematical methods for evaluating the performance in static and dynamic mode of the mechanical biosensors are reviewed and examples of application in biological and food areas are provided. An overall description of the operational effect of operation conditions and design variables on the sensitivity devices is also proposed. A brief description of the design processes and manufacturing of cantilevers based silicon technology as well as information about BioMEMS and BioNEMS are provided. Finally, overall trends in research, development and commercialization of biosensors are described briefly as well as probable areas of development in food biosensors. Thereby, this review provides an overall view of biosensors, as an exploratory guide to identify the most important aspects of this technology.

Keywords: biosensors, cantilever, atomic force microscopy, foods.

 

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Agradecimientos

Angélica Gabriela Mendoza Madrigal agradece a CONACyT y COFAA-IPN por las becas proporcionadas para la realización de sus estudios. La investigación fue financiada a través de los proyectos 20121001 y 20130333 del Instituto Politécnico Nacional y de la "Cátedra Coca-Cola para jóvenes investigadores 2011" (Coca-Cola CONACyT). El autor de correspondencia también agradece al CONACYT y a la Secretaría Académica por el soporte financiero de la estancia y año sabático (agosto de 2012 a agosto 2013).

 

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