The break-even point is one of the most used tools when carrying out financial analysis in order to make the most appropriate business decisions, the calculation and result of this tool is used to determine the economic amount in sales and the volume of units of products or necessary services to cover operating expenses and variable costs, showing its result that there is no profit or loss in the business activity, thus achieving the operating break-even point.

The calculations necessary for profitability are made based on the assumption of the expected normal level of operations of a project, which is why the calculation considers the normal use of installed capacity, but the entrepreneurs know that normal capacity is rarely used, or total in the actual operations of the Project. The uncertainty related to internal supply and external demand forces entrepreneurs to ask themselves: What happens if the project is not executed at the assumed capacity level? Will the project be in a position to at least recover its costs? Among others, these risk-induced questions motivate the calculation of the breakeven point (^{Satya & Deshpande, 1982}).

The historical background of the break-even point as a tool that is part of the financial analysis for decision-making in organizations can be found in an accumulation of works carried out by various authors, highlighting the following among others:

^{Henry Hess (1903)}, who graphically raised the relationship between utility, cost, volume and price, capturing it through the "crossing point graph" (cross over chart).

Knoeppel & Seybold (1918) reflected in his book, Graphic Production Control, the classification between fixed and variable costs of the company. Until the 1960s some authors still referred to this representation as: Knoeppel graph.

Walter ^{Rautenstrauch (1930)}, in his book: The Successful Control of Profits, uses the name break-even point to describe the relationships of cost, volume, price and profit. In his book too, he gives a detailed explanation of its use for decision-making in the company.

In the investigation carried out by ^{Fordon (1951)}, mention is made of the Graph of Results (profit-volume graph). As a consequence of this graph, in the 1970s the denomination began to be used: Palanca Operativa (Operating Leverage), named after its similarity of the graph with a lever.

At present, in financial analysis and in decision-making by organizations, the break-even point tool is used very frequently in its classification as operational break-even point and financial break-even point.

The operating break-even point is a financial ratio used to measure the degree of operating leverage that a company has. The objective of the calculation of the operating break-even point is to determine the amount of sales or income sufficient to cover the fixed operating expenses and the variable costs in a project or an organization.

The financial break-even point is a financial ratio that is used to measure the degree of financial leverage that a company has. The objective of calculating the financial break-even point is to determine the amount of sales or income sufficient to cover fixed expenses, variable costs and the cost or interest generated by the debt contracted to support the tangible and intangible investments in a project or a company. organization.

Economic and financial indicators are useful tools that benefit organizations by facilitating timely and appropriate decision-making in relation to their corporate and financial strategies.

Next, the evolution of some economic and financial indicators of the Mexican environment is described and shown to facilitate decision-making related to personal and business strategies in an integral manner.

1. NATIONAL CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (INPC)

Born in 1995 and reflecting changes in consumer prices, measures the general increase in prices in the country. It is calculated fortnightly by the Bank of Mexico and ^{INEGI (2022)}. INPC is published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on the 10th and 25th of each month. The reference period is the second half of December 2010.

Table 1 Accumulated inflation in the year (Base: 2nd. Fortnight of December 2010 = 100 with data provided by Banco de México) 

Periodo	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Enero	1.48	0.77	0.98	0.79	0.90	-0.09	0.38	1.70	0.53	0.09	0.48	0.86	0.59
Febrero	2.15	1.42	1.47	1.46	1.15	0.09	0.82	2.29	0.91	0.06	0.90	1.50	1.43
Marzo	2.52	1.84	1.55	1.99	1.43	0.51	0.97	2.92	1.24	0.44	0.85	2.34	2.43
Abril	1.98	0.72	0.69	1.81	1.24	0.25	0.65	3.04	0.90	0.50	-0.17	2.67	2.98
Mayo	0.60	-0.70	-0.65	0.95	0.91	-0.26	0.20	2.92	0.73	0.21	0.22	2.88	3.17
Junio	0.49	-0.41	-0.41	1.12	1.09	-0.09	0.31	3.18	1.12	0.27	0.76	3.43	4.04
Julio	0.56	-0.04	0.32	1.14	1.42	0.06	0.57	3.57	1.66	0.65	1.43	4.04	4.81
Agosto	0.91	0.30	0.92	1.31	1.73	0.27	0.86	4.08	2.26	0.63	1.82	4.24	5.54
Septiembre	1.27	0.73	1.12	1.61	2.18	0.27	1.47	4.41	2.69	0.89	2.06	4.88	6.19
Octubre	2.35	2.33	2.12	2.77	2.74	1.16	2.09	5.06	3.22	1.44	2.68	5.76	6.79
Noviembre	3.89	4.87	3.86	4.57	3.57	1.71	2.89	6.15	4.10	2.26	2.76	6.97	7.41
Diciembre	4.19	5.81	3.97	5.21	4.08	2.13	3.36	6.77	4.83	2.83	3.15	7.36	7.82

Source: Own elaboration (^{INEGI, 2022}). Route: Indicadores económicos de coyuntura > Índices de precios >Índice nacional de precios al consumidor. Base segunda quincena de julio de 2018=100 > Mensual > Índice > Índice general

Source: Own elaboration (^{INEGI, 2022}). Route: Indicadores económicos de coyuntura > Índices de precios > Índice nacional de precios al consumidor. Base segunda quincena de julio de 2018=100 > Mensual > Índice > Índice general

Graph 1 Inflation in Mexico (2010-2022 accumulated at the end of the year) 

Source: Own elaboration (^{INEGI, 2022}). Route: Indicadores económicos de coyuntura > Índices de precios > Índice nacional de precios al consumidor. Base segunda quincena de julio de 2018=100 > Mensual > Índice > Índice general

Graph 2 Inflation in Mexico (accumulated January-December 2022)  

2. THE PRICE AND QUOTATION INDEX OF THE MEXICAN STOCK EXCHANGE (IPC)

Represents the change in the values traded on the Mexican Stock Exchange concerning the previous day to determine the percentage of rising or fall of the most representative shares of the companies listed therein.

Table 2 The Price and Quotation Index of the Mexican Stock Exchange (Base: October 1978, 0.78=100)  

Periodo	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Enero	30,392	36,982	37,422	45,278	40,879	40,951	43,631	47,001	50,456	43,988	44,862	42,986	51,331
Febrero	31,635	37,020	37,816	44,121	38,783	44,190	43,715	46,857	47,438	42,824	41,324	44,593	53,401
Marzo	33,266	37,441	39,521	44,077	40,462	43,725	45,881	48,542	46,125	43,281	34,554	47,246	56,537
Abril	32,687	36,963	39,461	42,263	40,712	44,582	45,785	49,261	48,354	44,597	36,470	48,010	51,418
Mayo	32,039	35,833	37,872	41,588	41,363	44,704	45,459	48,788	44,663	42,749	36,122	50,886	51,753
Junio	31,157	36,558	40,199	40,623	42,737	45,054	45,966	49,857	47,663	43,161	37,716	50,290	47,524
Julio	32,309	35,999	40,704	40,838	43,818	44,753	46,661	51,012	49,698	40,863	37,020	50,868	48,144
Agosto	31,680	35,721	39,422	39,492	45,628	43,722	47,541	51,210	49,548	42,623	36,841	53,305	44,919
Sep.	33,330	33,503	40,867	40,185	44,986	42,633	47,246	50,346	49,504	43,011	37,459	51,386	44,627
Oct.	35,568	36,160	41,620	41,039	45,028	44,543	48,009	48,626	43,943	43,337	36,988	51,310	49,922
Nov.	36,817	36,829	41,834	42,499	44,190	43,419	45,286	47,092	41,733	42,820	41,779	49,699	51,685
Dic.	38,551	37,077	43,706	42,727	43,146	42,998	45,643	49,354	41,640	43,541	44,067	53,272	48,464

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}).

https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=7&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF57&locale=es

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=7&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF57&locale=es

Graph 3 The Price and Quotation Index of the Mexican Stock Exchange, 2010 - 2022 (Score at the end of each year)  

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=7&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF57&locale=es

Graph 4 The Price and Quotation Index of the Mexican Stock Exchange, January-December 2022 (Score at the end of each month) 

3. EXCHANGE RATE

It is the value of the Mexican peso with respect to the dollar calculated with the daily average of the five most important banks in the country, which reflects the spot price (cash), negotiated between banks. It is highly related to Inflation, the interest rate, and the Mexican Stock Exchange.

Table 3 Exchange rate (National currency per US dollar, parity at the end of each period)  

Periodo	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Enero	12.81	12.02	12.95	12.71	13.37	14.69	18.45	21.02	18.62	19.04	18.91	20.22	20.74
Febrero	12.96	12.17	12.87	12.87	13.30	14.92	18.17	19.83	18.65	19.26	19.78	20.94	20.65
Marzo	12.61	11.97	12.80	12.36	13.08	15.15	17.40	18.81	18.33	19.38	23.48	20.44	19.99
Abril	12.24	11.59	13.20	12.16	13.14	15.22	19.40	19.11	18.86	19.01	23.93	20.18	20.57
Mayo	12.68	11.63	13.91	12.63	12.87	15.36	18.45	18.51	19.75	19.64	22.18	19.92	19.69
Junio	12.72	11.84	13.66	13.19	13.03	15.57	18.91	17.90	20.06	19.21	23.09	19.91	20.13
Julio	12.83	11.65	13.28	12.73	13.06	16.21	18.86	17.69	18.55	19.99	22.20	19.85	20.34
Agosto	12.73	12.41	13.27	13.25	13.08	16.89	18.58	17.88	19.07	20.07	21.89	20.06	20.09
Septiembre	12.86	13.42	12.92	13.01	13.45	17.01	19.50	18.13	18.90	19.68	22.14	20.56	20.09
Octubre	12.45	13.20	13.09	12.89	13.42	16.45	18.84	19.15	19.80	19.16	21.25	20.53	19.82
Noviembre	12.33	14.03	13.04	13.09	13.72	16.55	20.55	18.58	20.41	19.61	20.14	21.45	19.40
Diciembre	12.40	13.99	13.01	13.08	14.72	17.21	20.73	19.79	19.68	18.87	19.91	20.47	19.47

NOTE: Exchange rate FIX by The Banco de México, used for settle obligations denominated in foreign currency. Quote at the end

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}).

https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=6&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF102&locale=es

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=6&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF102&locale=es

Graph 5. Exchange rate (National currency per US dollar, 2010-2022, FIX parity at the end of ¹⁰⁰ each year)  

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=6&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF102&locale=es

Graph 6 Exchange rate (National currency per US dollar, January-December 2022, FIX parity at the end of each month)  

4. EQUILIBRIUM INTERBANK INTEREST RATE (TIIE)

On March 23, 1995, the Bank of Mexico, to establish an interbank interest rate that better 101 reflects market conditions, released the Interbank Equilibrium Interest Rate through the Official Gazette of the Federation.

Table 4 Equilibrium interbank interest rate (28-day quote)  

Periodo	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Enero	4.91	4.86	4.79	4.84	3.78	3.29	3.56	6.15	7.66	8.59	7.50	4.47	5.72
Febrero	4.92	4.84	4.78	4.80	3.79	3.29	4.05	6.61	7.83	8.54	7.29	4.36	6.02
Marzo	4.92	4.84	4.77	4.35	3.81	3.30	4.07	6.68	7.85	8.51	6.74	4.28	6.33
Abril	4.94	4.85	4.75	4.33	3.80	3.30	4.07	6.89	7.85	8.50	6.25	4.28	6.73
Mayo	4.94	4.85	4.76	4.30	3.79	3.30	4.10	7.15	7.86	8.51	5.74	4.29	7.01
Junio	4.94	4.85	4.77	4.31	3.31	3.30	4.11	7.36	8.10	8.49	5.28	4.32	7.42
Julio	4.92	4.82	4.78	4.32	3.31	3.31	4.59	7.38	8.11	8.47	5.19	4.52	8.04
Agosto	4.90	4.81	4.79	4.30	3.30	3.33	4.60	7.38	8.10	8.26	4.76	4.65	8.50
Sep.	4.90	4.78	4.81	4.03	3.29	3.33	4.67	7.38	8.12	8.04	4.55	4.75	8.89
Octubre	4.87	4.79	4.83	3.78	3.28	3.30	5.11	7.38	8.15	7.97	4.51	4.98	9.56
Noviembre	4.87	4.80	4.85	3.80	3.31	3.32	5.57	7.39	8.34	7.78	4.48	5.13	10.00
Diciembre	4.89	4.79	4.85	3.79	3.31	3.55	6.11	7.62	8.60	7.55	4.49	5.72	10.53

Source: Own elaboration (BANXICO, 2022).

https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=18&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF101&locale=es

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=18&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF101&locale=es

Graph 7 Equilibrium interbank interest rate, 2010- 2022 (at the end of each year)  

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=18&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF101&locale=es

Graph 8. Equilibrium interbank interest rate, January-December 2022 (28-day quote)  

5. CETES RATE OF RETURN

Table 5 CETES rate of return (28-day)  

Periodo	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Enero	4.49	4.14	4.27	4.15	3.14	2.67	3.08	5.83	7.25	7.95	7.04	4.22	5.50
Febrero	4.49	4.04	4.32	4.19	3.16	2.81	3.36	6.06	7.40	7.93	6.91	4.02	5.94
Marzo	4.45	4.27	4.24	3.98	3.17	3.04	3.80	6.32	7.47	8.02	6.59	4.08	6.52
Abril	4.44	4.28	4.29	3.82	3.23	2.97	3.74	6.50	7.46	7.78	5.84	4.06	6.68
Mayo	4.52	4.31	4.39	3.72	3.28	2.98	3.81	6.56	7.51	8.07	5.38	4.07	6.90
Junio	4.59	4.37	4.34	3.78	3.02	2.96	3.81	6.82	7.64	8.18	4.85	4.03	7.56
Julio	4.60	4.14	4.15	3.85	2.83	2.99	4.21	6.99	7.73	8.15	4.63	4.35	8.05
Agosto	4.52	4.05	4.13	3.84	2.77	3.04	4.24	6.94	7.73	7.87	4.50	4.49	8.35
Sep.	4.43	4.23	4.17	3.64	2.83	3.10	4.28	6.99	7.69	7.61	4.25	4.69	9.25
Oct.	4.03	4.36	4.21	3.39	2.90	3.02	4.69	7.03	7.69	7.62	4.22	4.93	9.00
Nov.	3.97	4.35	4.23	3.39	2.85	3.02	5.15	7.02	7.83	7.46	4.28	5.05	9.70
Dic.	4.30	4.34	4.05	3.29	2.81	3.14	5.61	7.17	8.02	7.25	4.24	5.49	10.01

Source: Own elaboration (BANXICO, 2022).

https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=22&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF107&locale=es

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=22&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF107&locale=es

Graph 9 CETES rate of return 2010- 2022 (at the end of each year)  

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=22&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF107&locale=es

Graph 10 CETES rate of return, January-December del 2022 (at the end of each month)  

6. INVESTMENT UNITS (UDIS)

The UDI is a unit of account of constant real value to denominate credit titles. It does not apply to checks, commercial contracts, or other acts of commerce.

Table 6 Investment units (value concerning pesos)  

Periodo	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Enero	4.37	4.56	4.73	4.89	5.10	5.29	5.41	5.62	5.97	6.25	6.44	6.64	7.12
Febrero	4.41	4.57	4.75	4.92	5.13	5.29	5.43	5.69	6.00	6.25	6.46	6.70	7.18
Marzo	4.44	4.59	4.75	4.94	5.15	5.30	5.44	5.71	6.02	6.26	6.49	6.75	7.24
Abril	4.46	4.59	4.75	4.97	5.15	5.32	5.45	5.75	6.03	6.28	6.43	6.79	7.31
Mayo	4.43	4.58	4.71	4.96	5.13	5.29	5.42	5.75	6.01	6.27	6.42	6.81	7.33
Junio	4.41	4.55	4.74	4.95	5.13	5.28	5.42	5.75	6.01	6.26	6.44	6.83	7.36
Julio	4.42	4.57	4.77	4.95	5.14	5.28	5.42	5.76	6.04	6.27	6.49	6.87	7.43
Agosto	4.43	4.58	4.78	4.95	5.16	5.29	5.44	5.79	6.07	6.29	6.52	6.90	7.47
Sep.	4.44	4.59	4.80	4.97	5.18	5.31	5.45	5.82	6.11	6.29	6.55	6.92	7.53
Oct.	4.47	4.61	4.83	4.99	5.20	5.33	5.49	5.84	6.13	6.31	6.57	6.97	7.57
Nov.	4.50	4.64	4.85	5.02	5.23	5.36	5.53	5.89	6.17	6.35	6.60	7.04	7.62
Dic.	4.53	4.69	4.87	5.06	5.27	5.38	5.56	5.93	6.23	6.39	6.61	7.11	7.65

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}).

https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CP150&locale=es

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CP150&locale=es

Graph 11 Investment units 2010-2021 (At the end of the year)  

Source: Own elaboration (^{BANXICO, 2022}). https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CP150&locale=es

Graph 12 Investment units, January-December 2022  

Finally, we will mention that the analysis tool known as the break-even point can be calculated under two scenarios 1) a project or an organization with a single product or service and 2) for an organization or project with multiple products or services. taking as reference the mix of products or services.