Appendix A

Data sources

The dependent variables are Medal shares.

The main source for gold, silver and bronze medals is the official pages of Guadajara 2011 Pan American Games.

The explanatory variables are:

I. GDP share in regional GDP

The definitions and the main sources the GDP share in regional GDP for the period: 1980-2011 are as follows:

• Gross domestic product, current prices; U.S. dollars; Billions; including estimates for 2009-2015 from International Monetary Fund (2010).

For AHO, ARU, BER, CAY, CUB, ISV, IVB, PUR (see the country codes below) the data are from the United Nations Statistics Division (UN).

• For AHO, ARU, BER, CAY, CUB, IVB, PUR, we extrapolated the shares for 2010-2011

II. Population share in regional population

The definitions and the main sources the population share in regional population for the period 1980-2011 are as follows:

• Population, million persons, including estimates for 2009-2015, are from the International Monetary Fund (2010).

For AHO, ARU, BER, CAY, CUB, ISV, IVB, PUR, we use United Nations (UN) population growth rates for the period 2005-2010.

• Early 1990s data for CRC, DMA, NCA, SUR, TRI are from the U. S. Census Bureau, International Data Base (U. S. Census Bureau).

• For TRI, we extrapolated population shares for 2010-2011

III. Distance

For any two points on a globe, identified by the latitude and longitude points, we have:

(B1) h = haversin(d/R) = haversin(/at₁-/at₂)+cos(/at₁)cos(/at₂)haversin(/on₁-/on₂), where haversin(x) =sin²(x/2) is the haversine function, d is the spherical distance, R is the radius of the sphere (for the earth we use R = 6367 km), lat_i is the latitude of point i=1,2, and lon_i is the longitude of point i=1,2. From this equality, we can solve for the distance using the inverse sine (arcsin): (B2) d = 2R arcsin(Vh).

This formula gives the shortest distance between two points on a sphere from their longitudes and latitudes. A source for the distance in kilometers to the host city for the Games is, for instance, Map Crow.

IV. Home advantage

Finally, the home dummy to measure the home advantage effect of hosting the Games is coded as follows: 1 for host country, 0 otherwise.