Introduction

The research efforts on mammals of Colombia have increased in recent years, and currently the country ranks sixth in number of species on a global scale (^{Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2016}; ²⁰¹⁸). In the last 20 years, almost 100 mammal species have been added to the checklist of mammals of the country (see ^{Alberico et al. 2000}; ^{Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2020a}). This trend has been driven in part by the increase of taxonomic reviews and updates on South American mammals (^{Gardner 2008}; ^{Patton et al. 2015}), by the participation of public and private institutions of Colombia, and by the exploration of previously inaccessible areas (^{Solari et al. 2013}). Despite the significant advances made on various research topics, there are still knowledge gaps related to the taxonomy and systematics of several groups, and the ecology and conservation of endemic and endangered species for some regions across the country (see ^{Solari et al. 2013}; ^{Noguera-Urbano et al. 2019}).

The information gaps are particularly accentuated in protected areas of the country, as most of them lack complete faunal inventories despite mammals being key elements for research and conservation (^{Roncancio-Duque and Vélez-Vanegas 2019}). Mammal’s inventories in protected areas have increased in the last decade, especially in large areas such as National Natural Parks (e. g., ^{Mantilla-Meluk et al. 2018}). In general, there is available information for Natural Parks located in the Amazon region (e. g., ^{Polanco-Ochoa et al. 2000}; ^{Mantilla-Meluk et al. 2018}), and specific works on charismatic large mammals such as the cougar (Puma concolor) and the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Andean region of Colombia (e. g., ^{Hernández-Guzmán et al. 2011}; ^{Cáceres-Martínez et al. 2020}).

At the regional level, the Department of Caldas, located in the Andean region of the country (eastern slope of the Western Cordillera and both slopes of the Central Cordillera), 167 mammal species have been registered (^{Castaño Salazar 2012}; ^{Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2020}b). This number includes limited information on records in protected areas like the National Natural Park (NNP) Selva de Florencia, and NNP Los Nevados (^{Castaño et al. 2003}). For example, in the NNP Selva de Florencia, which protects Andean and sub-Andean ecosystems, around 40 species of mammals have been recorded (^{Castaño et al. 2003}; ^{Roncancio Duque 2012}; ^{Acosta Castañeda et al. 2014}). This number is likely underestimated, and updated evaluations plus field validations are needed to contribute to the protection of these species and the ecosystems where they are found.

Here, we present the available information on the mammals that inhabit the NNP Selva de Florencia, Central Andes of Colombia. We aim to provide a taxonomic list of mammal species found in the study area and notes on natural history, the methods employed to register them, the localities, elevations, and number of records. This information will serve as baseline for the future research and monitoring plans, as well as to focus more cost-effectively the conservation efforts of the mammals of this protected area and the landscape in which it is immersed.

Materials and methods

Study area. The NNP Selva de Florencia is located on the eastern slope of the Central Cordillera, in the municipalities of Pensilvania and Samaná, east of the Department of Caldas, Colombia. The NNP comprises 10,019 ha with an altitudinal gradient between 850 and 2,400 m, and an average annual rainfall of 6,270 mm. This area includes the last Andean rainforest remnants of the current Colombian Coffee Region (^{Paiba-Alzate et al. 2010}), that are part of the Magdalena River Basin (^{Gómez et al. 2020}), and the Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests and the Magdalena Valley Montane Forests ecoregions (^{Olson et al. 2001}). We sampled localities near the Hondo and San Antonio river basins, and the sectors of the Las Mercedes, Chupaderos I and La Selva microbasins (Figure 1, Table 1).

Figure 1 Study area at the Selva de Florencia National Natural Park, Central Andes of the Department of Caldas, Colombia. 

Data collection. To assess the diversity of mammals in the study area, we conducted sampling efforts in four periods across 2000 and 2018 years: A) October and November 2000. B) April 2001. C) October 2017, and D) February and April 2018. In addition, we implemented 26 sampling points where 30 camera traps (sampling effort: 9,540 camera-days) were randomly located between March 2017 and August 2018. To have a broad taxonomic coverage, we implemented several trapping methods, including Sherman and Tomahawk ® traps for small non-flying mammals, and mist nets for bats, for 64 effective days. The traps installed were baited with roasted and ground peanuts with bacon and salt, in addition to banana or with canned sardines, chicken bones and a mixture of rolled oats, bananas, banana or vanilla essences, and peanut butter (e. g., ^{Voss and Emmons 1996}). For capturing bats, five mist nets (12m long x 6m wide) were installed in four sampling points, between 18:00 and 23:00 hours. To complement the information, we included incidental captures, observations in the field, search for tracks and occasional interviews with park rangers and inhabitants near the NNP Selva de Florencia. In addition, we reviewed vouchers from the NNP Selva de Florencia or its surroundings deposited at the mammal collection of the Natural History Museum of the University of Caldas (MHN-UCa), Manizales, the Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH), Villa de Leyva, Colombia, and the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Chicago, USA.

We collected vouchers for taxonomic determination in the laboratory, and prepared them as skin and skull, or in fluid (alcohol) with tissues preserved at 96 % ethanol. All the collected specimens were deposited at the MHN-UCa mammal collection (see ^{Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2020}b). We took cranial and external measurements following to ^{Simmons and Voss (1998}) and ^{Voss et al. (2001)}. Measurements included for selected specimens (Appendix 1): length of head-and-body (HBL); length of tail (LT); length of hindfoot (HF); length of ear (LE); weight (Wt) in grams (g); greatest length of skull (GLS); condylobasal length (CBL); braincase breadth (BB); maxillary toothrow (MTR); molar length (LM); palatal breadth (PB); palatal length (PL); nasal breadth (NB); Least interorbital breadth (LIB); least postorbital breadth (LPB); zygomatic breadth (ZB); breadth of the zygomatic plate (BZP); rostral breadth (BR); length of diastema (LD); breadth of the first maxillary molar (BM1); length of one incisive foramen (LIF); breadth across both incisive foramina (BIF); interparietal breadth (IPB). For bats we also took the forearm length (FL); condylocanine length (CCL); condyloincisive length (CIL); lacrimal breadth (LB); mastoid breadth (MB); breadth across canines (BC-C), and width across upper molars (BM-M). Taxonomic identification was done using specialized literature and taxonomic keys mainly for marsupials (^{Gardner 2008}; Voss et al. 2018, 2020; ^{Giarla and Voss 2020}), bats (^{Gardner 2008}; ^{Díaz et al. 2016}), rodents (^{Patton et al. 2015}), and carnivores (^{Suárez-Castro and Ramírez-Chaves 2015}). For marsupials, we include one species as Marmosa sp. which is morphologically similar to M. meridae but a molecular confirmation is needed.

As additional support for taxonomic identification of some rodents collected between 2017 and 2018, we implemented a Cytb-based (Cytochrome B) molecular approach. This marker has been traditionally used for studying mammalian alpha-taxonomy because of its strength to detect cryptic diversity, especially in widely distributed and morphologically homogeneous taxa. Thus, species selected for Cytb characterization have broad geographic ranges or have been pointed out as including undocumented taxonomic variation (^{Patton et al. 2015}): Coendou quichua, Neacomys tenuipes, Heteromys aff. anomalus, and Sigmodontomys alfari. DNA was extracted from fresh tissues of these species with a GeneJet Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Resulting sequences were verified to represent endogenous DNA of Coendou, Neacomys, Heteromys, and Sigmodontomys by performing independent searches with the Basic Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; ^{Altschul et al. 1990}). Matches with identities above 95 % were considered as good candidate species to our samples, according to the genetic species concept (^{Bradley and Baker 2001}). We generated a total of six Cytb sequences: a) One 1,140 base pairs sequence from Coendou quichua (MT822488). b) Two sequences of 688 bp and 703 bp of Heteromys aff. anomalus (Acr1 and Acr2, respectively). c) Three sequences of 872-775 bp sequence from the specimens of Neacomys tenuipes (MT536169-MT536171). d) One 866 bp sequence from Sigmodontomys alfari. We assessed potential cryptic diversity with a close comparison of our sequences with all the sequences of N. tenuipes, H. anomalus, H. australis, and S. alfari, available in GenBank. Finally, the conservation status of the species, especially endemic and threatened, was evaluated with the context of current legislation (^{MADS 2017}), and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (^{IUCN 2019}). For the endemic species, we include the ecoregions where they inhabit (sensu ^{Olson et al. 2001}).

Results

We recorded a total of 81 mammal species at the NNP Selva de Florencia. The mammals registered belong to 9 orders, 25 families and 59 genera (Table 1). Bats (Chiroptera: 30 spp.), rodents (Rodentia: 17 spp.), and carnivores (Carnivora: 13 spp.) represent 71.4 % of the recorded species. Other orders registered are Didelphimorphia (8 spp.), Primates (5 spp.), Pilosa (3 spp.), Artiodactyla (2 spp.), Cingulata (2 spp.), and Eulipotyphla (1 spp.). We recorded 43 species during 2000 and 2001, and 34 during 2017 and 2018 (Figure 1). Using trapping methods, we captured 330 specimens of bats (mist nets), 24 rodents (Sherman), and 4 marsupials (Tomahawk; Figure 2). The taxa recorded by camera traps include six orders (Didelphimorphia, Cingulata, Pilosa, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Rodentia) and 16 species (Figure 3). In addition, we recorded 28 species through manual captures, observations, and other indirect records.

Figure 2 Small mammal species captured and observed in 2017 and 2018: Didelphimorphia: A) Metachirus myosuros. B) Marmosa regina/isthmica. C) Philander melanurus. Chiroptera: D) Carollia brevicauda. E) Enchisthenes hartii. F) Sturnira parvidens. G) Vampyressa thyone. H) Myotis keaysi. Primates: I) Aotus lemurinus. Rodentia: J) Heteromys aff. anomalus. K) Neacomys tenuipes. 

Didelphimorphia. We recorded a total of eight species of seven genera in the study area (Table 2), using Tomahawk traps (four species) and direct observations (one species). The review of collections contributed with three additional species (Table 2). In camera traps, only four records of Didelphis marsupialis were obtained in August and December 2017, in two localities at elevations of 1,078 and 1,571 m, respectively. We highlight the presence two species of the genus Marmosa (Marmosa sp., and the short-furred woolly mouse opossum, Marmosa regina, the latter considered a senior synonym of M. isthmica by ^{Giarla and Voss 2020}) which are differentiated based on size (Appendix 1), tail and coat coloration, and skull morphology.

Table 2 List of mammals reported at the Parque Nacional Natural, Selva de Florencia. For bats, the number of captured individuals is included Abbreviations are, CT: Camera trap records, Ob: Observation, To: Tomahawk, Sh: Sherman, Ind: indirect record (bones or tracks). For Carnivora, A: 2012. Obs. NNP Rangers (Weimar Hincapie - Uriel Quiceno): sector La Vega. B: Obs. 2013 (Weimar Hincapie) at quebrada Las Mercedes, Near río San Antonio, Vereda San Lucas, Florencia. C: 2019. Obs. (Hugo Ballesteros and Rigoberto Lancheros), two individuals at vereda La Abundancia. NPL: the locality is Río Hondo (a river inside the Park), but not precise locality is available. *Endemic species. Localities are explained in Table 1. Voucher specimens are housed at the MNH-UCa unless otherwise specified. 

Taxon	Year		Vouchers or type of record	Localities
	2000-2001	2017-2018
DIDELPHIMORPHIA
Chironectes minimus	1 Ob		218	12
Didelphis marsupialis	1 To, 2 Ob		208, 2427-2428	11
Marmosa regina/isthmica		1 Sh	1612, FMNH 70978	8, NPL
Marmosa sp.			876	2
Marmosops chucha*			FMNH 70925	NPL
Metachirus myosuros		1 Sh	1613, 3165	8
Monodelphis adusta			227 (lost); 263	NPL
Philander melanurus		1 Sh	1614	8
EULIPOTYPHLA
Cryptotis colombianus	1		193	10
CINGULATA
Cabassous centralis			4 CT	14, 15, 17
Dasypus novemcinctus			201, 1800, 2430, (18 CT)	6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19
PILOSA
Cyclopes dorsalis			Photographs	NPL
Choloepus hoffmanni		1 obs	197, 1615, 2424-2425, 3160-3163	11, 13
Tamandua mexicana			2426, (8 CT)	1, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18
CHIROPTERA
Phyllostomidae
Carollia brevicauda	1	100	019-032, 035, 037, 043, 048, 055, 062, 065, 069-074, 076, 083, 088, 095, 097, 099-100, 166-168, 175, 236, 239, 243, 1603, 1634, 1635, 1638	3, 8, 11, 12
Carollia castanea		18	1636; 1637; 1673	3, NPL
Carollia perspicillata		9	22, 91, 1672	3, NPL
Desmodus rotundus	1		Interviews
Anoura cultrata	2		94, 171	2, 10
Anoura fistulata	1		44	3
Anoura caudifer	4		58, 59, 60, 78	12
Anoura geoffroyi	1			NPL
Micronycteris megalotis		1	1632	8
Artibeus lituratus		6	1639, 1640, 1678	11, NPL
Artibeus anderseni		5	1641	11
Artibeus bogotensis		3	1642	11
Artibeus glaucus	1		172	10
Chiroderma salvini	2		0067, 0081	12
Enchisthenes hartii	1	1	66, 77, 237, 240, 259, 1633	11, 12
Phyllostomus discolor	1		89	11
Platyrrhinus albericoi		3	1644, 1645	11
Platyrrhinus dorsalis	1		0034, 0082, 0087, 0090	11, 12
Platyrrhinus helleri	1	7	0045, 1643, 1663	11
Platyrrhinus ismaeli	1		0038, 0063, 0085, 0170	10,11, 12
Sturnira bogotensis		5	0042, 0047, 0084, 0093, 1056, 1652, 1654	11, 12, NPL
Sturnira erythromos			0080, 0084, 0234	12
Sturnira parvidens	1	6	24-25, 29, 39-41, 49, 51, 53-54, 64, 68, 1649, 1651, 1678	8, 11, 12
Sturnira oporaphilum	1	8	61	12
Vampyressa thyone		5	0073, 1646, 1647, 1676	8, 11, 12
VESPERTILIONIDAE
Eptesicus chiriquinus	1		147	12
Myotis caucensis	1		50, 152	12
Myotis riparius		2	1657, 1658	11
Myotis keaysi		1	1659	11
CARNIVORA
Leopardus pardalis		1	(8 CT), Ind.	6, 9, 14, 17, 18
Leopardus tigrinus			205, (2 CT)	9, 14, 18
Leopardus wiedii			4 CT, photographs	6, 11, 14
Herpailurus yagouaroundi			1 CT, photographs	9
Puma concolor			Skull, FMNH 70567	NPL
Cerdocyon thous	1		Skull, 0200	NPL
Eira barbara			(6 CT)	5, 6, 7, 14 18
Bassaricyon neblina		1	1631	13
Nasua nasua	1994	1	(6 CT), IAvH 7318	6, 11, 14, 17, 19, NPL
Potos flavus	1	1	3164, Obs, video	10
Procyon cancrivorus			(1 CT), photographs	19
Lontra longicaudis			A, B, C.	12
Mustela frenata		1	Obs.	2
ARTIODACTYLA
Mazama rufina		1	Obs.	3
Pecari tajacu			1668, (17 CT)	5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18
PRIMATES
Alouatta seniculus		1- 9 ind	3159, Obs.	4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, NPL
Ateles hybridus		3 ind	Obs.	4, 9, 16
Aotus lemurinus		3 ind	Obs.	11, 16
Cebus versicolor*		1 - 15 ind	Obs.	6, 11, 12, 17, 18
Saguinus leucopus*		1 - 14 ind	Obs.	2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19
RODENTIA
Syntheosciurus granatensis	1	Obs	16 CT	5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19
Leptosciurus pucheranii		1	Photographs	1, 2, 5, 16, 18
Heteromys australis	1		FMNH 71185-71190	NPL
Heteromys aff. anomalus		13 Sh	1617, 1618, 1619, 1620	11
Handleyomys alfaroi			FMNH 72062, 72073-72075, 72077-72080	NPL
Melanomys caliginosus			FMNH 71816-71822	NPL
Neacomys tenuipes		5 Sh, 1 ma	1627, 1628, 1692	8, NPL
Nephelomys childi*	1		771, 772	12
Nephelomys pectoralis*			185, 188, 189, 190	12
Sigmodontomys alfari		1 Sh	1630	8
Tylomys mirae			FMNH 71215	NPL
Transandinomys talamancae			FMNH 72063, 72066	NPL
Rhipidomys latimanus	1		1690-1691	7
Coendou quichua		2 ind	1616, 2422-2423, (1 CT)	11
Cuniculus paca	1		1811-1812, (58 CT)	5, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, NPL
Dasyprocta punctata	1	1 ind	1607, (136 CT)	7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19
Dinomys branickii			216-217, 883, (1 CT), 1 Photograph, IAvH 19984	10, 17, NPL

Eulipotyphla. We recorded only one species (Cryptotis colombianus), based on a male specimen (MHN-UCa 193: skin and skull) collected in the San Vicente village, 1,700 m (28 December 2001). External measurements are: TL: 96, HB: 69, Tail: 27, feet: 12, W: 7 g. LT/HB: 39.13 %. Cranio-dental skull measurements are: condylobasal length: 19.68, cranial amplitude: 9.53, zygomatic plate width: 3.91, interorbital width: 40.8, length of unicuspid teeth row: 3.78, mandibular length: 7.50, mandibular tooth row length: 5.38, width between upper second molars: 6.00 mm. One additional specimen of Cryptotis was captured but not collected in 2014 and the specific identity is uncertain.

Cingulata and Pilosa. We registered five species in the study area. One species of Cingulata (Dasypus novemcinctus) and two of Pilosa (Choloepus hoffmanni and Tamandua mexicana) were documented using direct observations and indirect records (bones). Cyclopes dorsalis was photographed in 2012 near to a farm in the study area. Based on camera traps, we obtained seven records of Cabassous centralis in June, October, and November 2017, in three locations at of 1,361, 1,744 and 1,783 masl. Similarly, we obtained a total of 17 records for D. novemcinctus during June to September and December 2017 and in February and May 2018, in 11 locations located at elevations between 1,078 and 1,999 m. For Pilosa, we obtained eight records of T. mexicana between July and October 2017 in six locations with elevations between 1,008 and 1,719 m.

Figure 3 Medium and large mammals registered using camera traps and direct observations in Selva de Florencia. Cingulata: A) Dasypus novemcinctus. Pilosa: B) Tamandua mexicana. Carnivora: C) Herpailurus yagouaroundi. D) Leopardus pardalis. E) Leopardus tigrinus. F) Eira barbara. G) Nasua nasua. Artiodactyla: H) Pecari tajacu. Rodentia: I) Syntheosciurus granatensis. J) Cuniculus paca. K) Dasyprocta punctata. L) Dinomys branickii. 

Chiroptera. We registered a total of 30 species of two families (Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae; Table 2). Bats were the best represented group in terms of richness with 12 (152 captured individuals) and 16 species (179 individuals captured), during 2000 to 2001 and 2017 to 2018, respectively. The most abundant species was Carollia brevicauda with 17 (2000 to 2001) and 100 (2017 to 2018) captured individuals. We highlight the presence of three species of small Artibeus (anderseni, bogotensis, and glaucus) (Appendix 1), which are differentiated based on the number of lower molars (two or three), and skull morphology.

Carnivora. We registered a total of 13 species of Canidae, Felidae, Mustelidae, and Procyonidae (Table 1). During 2000 and 2001, we recorded nine species based on indirect records. During 2017 to 2018 we registered four species based on indirect records and observations, one of them (Bassaricyon neblina) had no previous records at the NNP or for the Department of Caldas. The specimen was identified as N. neblina based on the long dorsal hair coat, dense and of rufous coloration with black tips, the fur of the belly pale yellowish; the face has a medium and pointed muzzle of dark-gray coloration, eyes are big and brown, ears are rounded with hairs, and the tail is proportionately short (412 mm), bushier and straight becoming darker at the tip. In camera traps, we obtained total of 19 records of individuals of the four families. Among these, four records of Eira barbara (Mustelidae) in July, October, and December 2017 and May 2018, in four locations located at elevations between 1,692 and 1,599 m. For Procyonidae, we obtained five records of Nasua nasua between June and September 2017, and May 2018 in five localities between 1,463 and 1,999 m. In addition, a record of Procyon cancrivorus in July 2017 at 1,917 m elevation. For Felidae, we recorded Herpailurus yagouaroundi in September 2017 in a locality at 1,375 m; six records of Leopardus pardalis between June and September 2017, and February 2018, in five localities at elevations between 1,382 and 2,306 m. In addition, four records of L. wiedii in August and September 2017, and April 2018, in three localities with elevations between 1,719 and 2,306 m. Finally, in May and June 2017, we reported L. tigrinus twice in different locations at 1,374 and 1,738 m elevation. Cranial measurements of three specimens from the study area are shown in Appendix 1.

Artiodactyla. We confirmed the presence of two families (Cervidae and Tayassuidae) and two species. Dicotyles tajacu (Tayassuidae) was registered based on indirect records and by camera traps (16 events) in July, September, October, and November 2017, and in February, March, and May 2018 at elevations between 1,382 and 1,999 m. The dwarf brocket deer, Mazama rufina (Cervidae) was recorded based on incidental records and observations.

Primates. We reported five species (Aotus lemurinus, Alouatta seniculus, Ateles hybridus, Cebus versicolor and Saguinus leucopus) of three families (Atelidae, Cebidae, and Callitrichidae) by direct observation. A predation event by an unidentified eagle on an individual of Aotus lemurinus was registered by the local community in March 2020.

Rodentia. We registered 16 species from seven families at the NNP Selva de Florencia (Table 1; Appendix 1). During 2000 and 2001, we reported seven species, five captured individuals and three species, based on dead specimens or bone fragments. During 2017 to 2018, rodents contributed with five species (19 captured individuals and two species recorded by dead specimens or bone fragments), with Heteromys aff. anomalus as the most abundant with 13 captures. We reported two species of Nephelomys which are differentiated based on the frequency of ventral white patches, the size of the posterolateral palatal pits and the shape of the palatal fossae. Using camera traps, we found that Dasyprocta punctata and Cuniculus paca were the species with the highest number of records (125 and 56, respectively). In addition, we obtained 14 records of Syntheosciurus granatensis plus 133 of unidentified rodents.

The BLAST query with our sequence of Coendou quichua recovered two sequences from GenBank (accessions and KC863881) with percentages of identity of 98.86 % and 95.87 %. The first (KC463882) was obtained from another Colombian specimen (Department of Cesar), whereas the second corresponds to an Ecuadorian specimen. This result unequivocally supports that the specimen we collected in the NNP Selva de Florencia belongs to this species.

Our sequences of H. aff. anomalus obtained identity values of 90.18 % and 90.04 % with sequences of H. australis (GU646927 and GU646928) from Panama, and 90.18 % with sequences of H. anomalus from Venezuela (DQ168468). This result suggests that specimens from the Selva de Florencia Natural Park identified morphologically as H. aff. anomalus, cannot be assigned to this species on basis on molecular data. The percentages of identity below 95 % with respect to all Cytb sequences of the genus even indicate they are not assignable to any of the known species (at least those genetically characterized for this marker). The name Heteromys (Heteromys) anomalus hershkovitzi^{Hernández-Camacho, 1956} was suggested for populations of this genus from the Magdalena River basin in Colombia, and it is an available name for this taxon. The assignation and revalidation of this name to the populations of Selva de Florencia identified as H. aff. anomalus is needed.

For Neacomys tenuipes, our two sequences are 100 % identical. The highest genetic score (93.02 %) was obtained with a sequence of N. rosalindae (KY859763) from Peru. The only sequence of N. tenuipes available in GenBank (also from Colombia) was not recovered in the queries, probably due to its short length (only 177 bp). Thus, with identities below 95 % with respect to other Neacomys Cytb sequences in Genbank, and without larger sequences of N. tenuipes available to compare, specimens of the NNP Selva de Florencia cannot be molecularly assigned to any species in the genus. However, considering these specimens present all the morphological diagnostic character for N. tenuipes, sequences generated here can be considered the most complete publicly available. Finally, for our sequence of S. alfari, four matches with highest percentages of identity were of the same species: 96.88 % compared to an Ecuadorian specimen (EU340016), and three with the same value of 95.61 % from specimens collected in Panama (KY754155, GU126548, EU074635).

Threatened categories and endemic species. We identified eight species listed in threatened categories according to the national legislation (^{MADS 2017}), and in the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN 2019). The most threatened species include the primates Ateles hybridus (Critically Endangered - CR), Aotus lemurinus (Vulnerable - VU), Cebus versicolor and Saguinus leucopus (Endangered - EN), the latter is considered Vulnerable according to Colombian legislation (^{MADS 2017}). Other species in a threaten category include the carnivores Leopardus tigrinus and Lontra longicaudis, the dwarf brocket deer Mazama rufina (all listed globally as VU), and the pacarana Dinomys branickii listed as VU in Colombia (^{MADS 2017}). The endemic species registered are: Cryptotis colombianus distributed in one ecoregion (the Magdalena Valley Montane Forest), Saguinus leucopus distributed in two ecoregions (Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests, and Nephelomys pectoralis in two (Cauca Valley Montane Forests, and Northwest Andean Montane Forests), Nephelomys childi in three (Cauca Valley Montane Forests, Cordillera Oriental Montane Forests, and Northwest Andean Montane Forests), Marmosops chucha, distributed in four ecoregions (Cauca Valley Dry Forests, Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests, Northwest Andean Montane Forests, and Magdalena Valley Montane Forests), and Cebus versicolor in five ecoregions (Guajira-Barranquilla Xeric Scrub, Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests, Magdalena Valley Dry Forests, Magdalena Valley Montane Forests, and Sinú Valley dry Forests).

Discussion

To our knowledge, the inventory of mammalian species at the NNP Selva de Florencia is one of the most complete for a protected area in the Colombian Andes. This information complements previous inventories for this sector of the country (^{Castaño et al. 2003}; ^{Castaño Salazar 2012}; ^{Acosta Castañeda et al. 2014}) and becomes a base tool for the formulation of new mammal research and conservation strategies on a regional scale. Furthermore, the genetic characterization performed here for some of the species constitutes a valuable approach to explore mammal richness in Colombia, and particularly within protected areas.

Despite the mammal richness documented for the NNP Selva de Florencia is high (16.30 % of the terrestrial mammals from Colombia; ^{Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2020}a), many of the small mammal species registered probably require further assessments of their variation, and therefore, of its taxonomic status and distributional limits. For example, both species of genus Nephelomys recorded in this study are likely out of the distributional ranges suggested in a recent study based on morphometric and limited genetic data (^{Cárdenas 2017}). ^{Cárdenas (2017)} mentioned that for Colombia, N. childi is restricted to the Eastern Cordillera, N. pectoralis is distributed in the Western Cordillera, and specimens from the Central Cordillera belong to an undescribed taxon (Nephelomys sp1.). In contrast, ^{Percequillo (2015}) considered that N. childi is present in the three Colombian Cordilleras. Therefore, the inclusion of more specimens from both mountain ranges and the north of the Department of Caldas is required to clarify the species inhabiting in this area of Colombia. This implies conducting additional field expeditions, collecting new individuals, and performing a complete molecular characterization. Molecular data (Cytb) of some of the species characterized here reflect higher divergence values (ca. 4 %) than those that have traditionally been used to separate sister species in mammals (^{Bradley and Baker 2001}). This might reflect that a large portion of this diversity surely represents hidden or cryptic diversity (see ^{Bickford et al. 2007}), and in most cases only molecular information (even from a single marker, as Cytochrome b or Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1) might offer enough resolution to detect it (^{Bradley and Baker 2001}).

In some groups especially, such as rodents, shrews, marsupials, and bats, taxonomy has changed dramatically in recent years with the introduction of molecular data in revisionary works, allowing multiple species to be discriminated from what was once considered a single species (e. g., ^{Basantes et al. 2020}; ^{Voss et al. 2020}). Despite that, there are few examples including material from Colombia (^{Díaz-Nieto et al. 2016}; ^{Franco-Sierra and Díaz-Nieto 2020}; ^{Voss et al. 2020}), which reflects a delay in the implementation of modern methods for studying mammals in the country. Even though in this work we obtained Cytb sequences of common and widely distributed rodent species (^{Patton et al. 2015}), most of them have been poorly characterized at the genetical level. For instance, our sequence of C. quichua is the fourth for the species (second from Colombia) showing intraspecific divergences reaching the range observed between species (^{Voss et al. 2013}). Similarly, the sequences of N. tenuipes are between the first for the species (^{Colmenares-Pinzón 2021}), and that of Sigmodontomys alfari is the fifth for the species (first for Colombia). For Heteromys aff. anomalus the sequences are the first molecular data from Colombian populations that will be publicly available, and the genetic distances are larger than most of the interspecific values (^{Rogers and González 2010}). In contrast, for Sigmodontomys the distances are within the intraspecific ranges observed for other cricetids (e. g., Melanomys; ^{Hanson and Bradley 2008}). In addition, the taxonomy of the rodent species characterized here for the Cytb (all rodents) has relied principally on morphology and has remained stable, and none of them have included material collected in protected areas (see ^{Patton et al. 2015}). These efforts must also be replicated for other species of small mammals such as marsupials and shrews, for which cryptic diversity has been observed in Colombia (^{Díaz-Nieto et al. 2016}; ^{Noguera-Urbano et al. 2019}).

The endemic species registered at the NNP Selva de Florencia are typical elements of the Andean region and its inter-Andean valleys and ecoregions (Nor-Andean and Chocó-Magdalena Biogeographic Provinces; ^{Hérnandez Camacho et al. 1992}). Other species documented are more widely distributed in the country and are withing the elevational ranges known for the country (see ^{Solari et al. 2013}; ^{Patton et al. 2015}). Although the species of mammals recorded in this work were expected at the NNP Selva de Florencia, we highlight the records of the olinguito (Bassaricyon neblina), and the Caribbean spiny pocket mouse (Heteromys aff. anomalus), that were not previously registered for the Department of Caldas (^{Castaño Salazar 2012}). Of these, the olinguito has been included as the species of Procyonidae with the highest priority and need for research in Colombia (^{Andrade-Ponce et al. 2016}). In addition, the presence of species in different threaten categories is highlighted, among which, primates have covered the greatest research efforts (^{Castaño et al. 2003}; ^{Roncancio Duque 2012}). Other charismatic and endangered species include felines such as the jaguar (Panthera onca) for which its presence has been suggested in the park (^{Escobar-Lasso et al. 2014}). Finally, for the endemic species, additional analyses integrating biogeographic aspects, molecular information and monitoring plans inside the protected areas are needed due to the limited information available for these taxa (^{Noguera-Urbano et al. 2019}; ^{Ramírez-Chaves et al. 2020}c).